Abstract
Materials found in nature combine many inspiring properties such as sophistication, miniaturization, hierarchical organizations, hybridation, resistance and adaptability. Elucidating the basic components and building principles selected by evolution to propose more reliable, efficient and environment-respecting materials requires a multidisciplinary approach.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Rent or buy this article
Prices vary by article type
from$1.95
to$39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bensaude-Vincent, B., Arribart, H., Bouligand, Y. & Sanchez, C. Chemists and the school of nature. New J. Chem. 1, 1–5 (2002).
Mann, S. in Biomimetic Materials Chemistry (ed. Mann, S) 1–40 (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997).
Biomimétisme et Matériaux Arago 25 (coord. Sanchez, C.) (OFTA, Paris, 2001).
Calvert, P. in Biomimetic Materials Chemistry (ed. Mann, S.) 315–336 (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997).
Biomimetics: Design and Processing of Materials (eds. Sarikaya, M. & Aksay, I). (AIP, Woodbury, Connecticut, 1995).
Bäuerlein, E. Biomineralization of unicellular organisms: an unusual membrane biochemistry for the production of inorganic nano- and microstructures. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 42, 614–641 (2003).
Weiner, S. & Wagner, H. D. The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 28, 271–298 (1998).
Evans, J. H. & Barbenel, J. C. Structural and mechanical properties of tendon related to function. Equine Vet. J. 7, 1–8 (1975).
Meek, K. M. & Fullwood, N. J. Corneal and scleral collagens - a microscopist's perspective. Micron 32, 261–272 (2001).
Neville, A. C. Biology of the Arthropod Cuticle (ed. Farner, D. S.) (Springer, Berlin, 1975)
Giraud-Guille, M. M. Twisted liquid crystalline supramolecular arrangements in morphogenesis. Int. Rev. Cytol. 166, 59–101 (1996).
Peytcheva, A. & Antonietti, M. Carving on the nanoscale: Polymers for the site-specific dissolution of calcium phosphate. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 17, 3380–3383 (2001).
Sleytr, U. B., Schuster, B. & Pum, D. Nanotechnology and biomimetics with 2-D protein crystals. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 22, 140–50 (2003).
Kenichi, K., Kazushi, F., Junzo, S. & Kazunari, A. Hierarchical self-assembly of hydrophobically modified pullulan in water: gelation by networks of nanoparticles. Langmuir 18, 3780–3786 (2002).
Dittmar, A. & Delhomme, G. in Microsystèmes Arago 21 (ed. Masson, A.) 123–160 (OFTA, Paris, 1999).
Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology (coord. Tirrell, D. A.) 1–130 (National Material Advisory Board, The National Academic press, Washington DC, 1994).
Mann, S. et al. Sol-gel synthesis of organized matter. Chem. Mater. 9, 2300–2310 (1997).
Ozin, G. A. Panoscopic materials : synthesis over 'all' length scales. Chem. Commun. 6, 419–432 (2000).
Mann, S. & Ozin, G. A. Synthesis of inorganic materials with complex form. Nature 382, 313–318 (1996).
Soler-Illia, G. J. A. A., Sanchez, C., Lebeau, B. & Patarin, J. Chemical strategies to design textured materials: from microporous and mesoporous oxides to nanonetworks and hierarchical structures. Chem. Rev. 102, 4093–4138 (2002).
Van Bommel, K. J. C., Friggeri, A. & Shinkai, S. Organic templates for the generation of inorganic materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 42, 980–999 (2003).
Kresge, C. T., Leonowicz, M. E., Roth, W. J., Vartuli, J. C. & Beck, J. S. Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism. Nature 359, 710–712 (1992).
Monnier, A. et al. Cooperative formation of inorganic-organic interfaces in the synthesis of silicate mesostructures. Science 261, 1299–1303 (1993).
Qisheng Huo, D. I. et al. Generalized synthesis of periodic surfactant/inorganic composite materials. Nature 368, 317–321 (1994).
Bagshaw, S. A., Prouzet, E. & Pinnavaia, T. J. Templating of mesoporous molecular sieves by nonionic polyethylene oxide surfactants. Science 269, 1242–1244 (1995).
Yang, H., Ozin, G. A. & Kresge, C. T. The role of defects in the formation of mesoporous silica fibers, films, and curved shapes. Adv. Mater. 10, 883–887 (1998).
Stupp, S. I. & Braun, P. V. Molecular manipulation of microstructures: biomaterials, ceramics and semiconductors. Science 277, 1242–1248 (1999).
Braun, P. V., Osenar, P., Tohver, V., Kennedy, S. B. & Stupp, S. I. Nanostructure templating in inorganic solids with organic lyotropic liquid crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 7302–7309 (1999).
Göltner, C. G. & Antonietti, M. Mesoporous materials by templating of liquid crystalline phase. Adv. Mater. 9, 431–436 (1997).
Schüth, F. Non-siliceous mesostructured and mesoporous materials. Chem. Mater. 13, 3184–3195 (2001).
Sayari, A. & Liu, P. Non-silica periodic mesostructured materials: recent progress. Micropor. Mater. 12, 149–177 (1997).
Sanchez, C. et al. Designed hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites from functional nanobuilding blocks. Chem. Mater. 13, 3061–3083 (2001).
Stupp, S. I. et al. Supramolecular materials : self-organized nanostructures. Science 1276, 384–389 (1997).
Ozin, G. A., Yang, H. & Coombs, N. Morphogenesis of shapes and surface patterns in mesoporous silica. Nature 386, 692–695 (1997).
Tolbert, S. H., Firouzi, A., Stucky, G. D. & Chmelka, B. F. Magnetic field alignment of ordered silicate-surfactant composites and mesoporous silica. Science 278, 264–268 (1997).
Schmidt-Winkel, P., Yang, P., Margolese, D. I., Chmelka, B. F. & Stucky, G. D. Fluoride-induced hierarchical ordering of mesoporous silica in aqueous acid-syntheses. Adv. Mater. 11, 303–307 (1999).
Whitesides, G. M. & Ismagilov, R. F. Complexity in chemistry. Science 284, 89–92 (1999).
Sellinger, A. et al. Continuous self-assembly of organic-inorganic nanocomposite coatings that mimic nacre. Nature 394, 256–260 (1998).
Sanchez, C., Soler-Illia, G. J. A. A., Ribot, F. & Grosso, D. Design of functional nano-structured materials through the use of controlled hybrid organic-inorganic interfaces. C. R. Chimie 6, 1131–1151(2003).
Sedon, A. M. Patel, H. M., Burkett, S. L. & Mann, S. Chiral templating of silica-lipid lamellar mesophase with helical tubular architecture. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 41, 2988–2991 (2002).
Shenton, W., Douglas, T., Young, M., Stubbs, G. & Mann, S. Inorganic-organic nanotube composites from template mineralization of tobacco mosaic virus. Adv. Mater. 11, 253–256 (1999).
Li, M. & Mann, S. DNA-directed assembly of multifunctional nanoparticle networks using metallic and bioinorganic building blocks. J. Mater. Chem. 14, 2260–2263 (2004).
Li, M., Schnablegger, H., & Mann, S. Coupled synthesis and self-assembly of nanoparticles to give structures with controlled organization Nature 402, 393–395 (1999).
Li, M., Lebeau, B. & Mann, S. Synthesis of aragonite nanofilament networks by mesoscale self-assembly and transformation in reverse microemulsions. Adv. Mater. 15, 2032–2035 (2003).
Mann, S. The chemistry of form. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 39, 3392–3406 (2000).
Lehn, J. M. Cryptates: inclusion complexes of macropolyciclic receptor molecules. Pure Appl. Chem. 50, 871–892 (1978).
Lehn, J. M. Supramolecular Chemistry: concepts and perspectives (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1995).
Lehn, J. M. in Biomimetic Chemistry (eds Yoshida, Z. I. & Kodansha, N. I.) (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983).
Lehn, J. M. Supramolecular chemistry: from molecular information towards self-organization and complex matter. Rep. Prog. Phys. 67, 249–265 (2004).
Breslow, R. & Dong, S. D. Biomimetic reactions catalyzed by cyclodextrins and their derivatives. Chem. Rev. 98, 1997–2011 (1998).
Vigneron, J. P. in Biomimétisme et Matériaux Arago 25 (coord. Sanchez, C.) 343–361 (OFTA, Paris, 2001).
Haupt, K. & Mosbach, K. Molecularly imprinted polymers and their use in biomimetic sensors. Chem. Rev. 100, 2495–2504 (2000).
Haupt, K. & Fradet, A. in Biomimétisme et Matériaux Arago 25 (coord. Sanchez, C.) 363–377 (OFTA, Paris 2001).
Livage, L. Henry, M. & Sanchez, C. Sol-gel chemistry of transition metal oxides. Prog. Solid State Chem. 18, 259–342 (1988).
Brinker, C. J. & Scherrer, G. W. The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing (Academic, San Diego, 1990).
Functional Hybrid Materials (eds. Gómez-Romero, P. & Sanchez, C.) (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003).
Sanchez, C., Lebeau, B., Boilot, J. P. & Chaput, F. Optical properties of functional hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites. Adv. Mater. 15, 1969–1976 (2003).
Rottman, C. & Avnir, D. Getting a library of activities from a single compound: tunability and very large shifts in Acidity constants induced by sol-gel entrapped micelles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 5730–5734 (2001).
Rottman, C., Grader, G., De Hazan, Y., Melchior, S. & Avnir, D. Surfactant-induced modifictaion of dopants reactivity in sol-gel matrixes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 8533–8543 (1999).
Schaudel, B., Guermeur, C., Sanchez, C. Nakatani, K. & Delaire, B. Spirooxazine- and spiropyran-doped hybrid organic-inorganic matrices with very fast photochromic responses. J. Mater. Chem. 7, 61–65 (1997).
Ribot, F., Lafuma, A., Eychenne-Baron, C. & Sanchez, C. New photochromic hybrid organic-inorganic materials built from well-defined nano-building blocks. Adv. Mater. 14, 1496–1499 (2002).
Lebeau, B., Brasselet, S., Zyss, J. & Sanchez, C. Design, characterization, and processing of hybrid organic-inorganic coatings with very high second-order optical nonlinearities. Chem. Mater. 9, 1012–1020 (1997).
Nanostructured and functional materials. Chem. Mater. 13, 3059–3809 (2001).
Hybrid organic-inorganic materials. Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 26, (2001).
Niemeyer, C. F., Buelent Ceyhan, Noyong, M. & Simon, U. Bifunctional DNA-gold nanoparticle conjugates as building blocks for the self-assembly of cross-linked paricle layers. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 311, 995–999 (2003).
Seeman, N. C. DNA in a material world. Nature 421, 427–431 (2003).
Mei, Li & Mann, S. DNA-directed assembly of multifunctional nanoparticle networks using metallic and bioorganic building blocks. J. Mater. Chem. 14, 2260–2263 (2004).
Jin, R., Wu, G., Li, Z., Mirkin, C. A. & Schatz, G. C. What controls the melting properties of DNA-linked gold nanoparticle assemblies? J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 125, 1643–1654 (2003).
Nagle, L., Ryan, D., Cobbe, S. & Fitzmaurice, D. Templated nanoparticle assembly on the surface of a patterned nanosphere. Nano Lett. 3, 51–53 (2003).
Iacopino, D., Ongaro, A., Nagle, L., Eritja, R. & Fitzmaurice, D. Imaging the DNA and nanoparticle components of a self-assembled nanoscale architecture. Nanotechnology 14, 447–452 (2003).
Hartgerink, J. D., Beniash, E. & Stupp, S. I. Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers. Science 294, 1684–1688 (2001).
Avnir, D., Braun, S., Lev, O. & Ottolenghi, M. Enzymes and other proteins entrapped in sol-gel materials. Chem. Mater. 6, 1605–1614 (1994).
Livage, J. Bioactivity in sol-gel glasses C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 322, 417–427 (1996).
Livage, J., Coradin, T. & Roux, C. in Functional Hybrid Materials, Bioactive sol gel hybrids (eds Gómez-Romero, P. & Sanchez, C.) Ch. 11, 387–401 (Wiley-VCH. Weinheim, 2003).
Livage, J., Coradin, T. & Roux, C. Encapsulation of biomolecules in silica gels. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 13, R673–R691 (2001).
Nassif, N. et al. Living bacteria in silica gels. Nature Mater. 1, 42–44 (2002).
Alper, M. Biology and materials. Synthesis part I. Mat. Res. Soc. Bull. 17, 24–25 (1992).
Alper, M. Biology and Materials. Synthesis part II Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 17, 36–37 (1992).
Gill, I. Bio-doped nanocomposite polymers: sol-gel bioencapsulates. Chem. Mater. 13, 3404–3421 (2001).
Mornet, S. et al. DNA-magnetite nanocomposite materials. Mater. Lett. 42, 183–188 (2000).
Mann, S., Shenton, W., Li, M., Connolly, S. & Fitzmaurice, D. Biologically programmed nanoparticle assembly. Adv. Mater. 12, 147–150 (2000).
Connolly, S. & Fitzmaurice, D. Programmed assembly of gold nanocrystals in aqueous solution. Adv. Mater. 11, 1202–1205 (1999).
Shenton, W., Davis, S. A. & Mann, S. Directed self-assembly of nanoparticles into macroscopic materials using antibody-antigen recognition. Adv. Mater. 11, 449–452 (1999).
Mirkin, C. A. Programming the assembly of two- and three-dimensional architectures with DNA and nanoscale inorganic building blocks. Inorg. Chem. 39, 2258–2272 (2000).
Sarikaya, M., Tamerler, C., Jen, A. K.-Y., Schulten, K. & Baneyx, F. Molecular biomimetics: nanotechnology through biology. Nature Mater. 2, 577–585 (2003).
Gillitzer, E., Willits, D., Young, M. & Douglas, T. Chemical modification of a viral cage for multivalent presentation. Chem. Comm. 2390–2391 (2002).
Flynn, C. E., Lee, S. W. Peele, B. R. & Belcher, A. M. Viruses as vehicles for growth, organization and assembly of materials. Acta Mater. 51, 5867–5880 (2003).
Wang, O., Lin, T., Tang, L., Johnson, J. E. & Finn, M. G. Icosahedral virus particles as addressable nanoscale building blocks. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 41, 459–462 (2002).
Antoniettti, M. Self-organization of functional polymers. Nature Mater. 2, 9–10 (2002).
Ha, Y. H. et al. Three-dimensional network photonic crystals via cyclic size reduction/infiltration of sea urchin exoskeleton. Adv. Mater. 16, 1091–1094 (2004).
Sundar, V. C., Yablon, A. D., Grazul, J. L., Ilan, M. & Aizenberg, J. Fibre-optical features of a glass sponge. Nature 424, 899–900 (2003).
Zhou, Y. & Antonietti, M. A series of highly ordered super-microporous, lamellar silicas prepared by nanocasting with ionic liquids. Chem. Mater. 16, 544–550 (2004).
Volkmer, D., Tugulu, S., Fricke, M. & Nielsen, T. Morphosynthesis of star-shaped titania-silica shells. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 42, 58–61 (2003).
Richardi, J., Motte, L. & Pileni, M. P. Mesoscopic organisations of magnetic nanocrystals: the influence of short-range interactions. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 9, 185–191 (2004).
Busch, S., Schwarz, U. & Kniep, R. Morphogenesis and structure of human teeth in relation to biomimetically grown fluorapatite-gelatine composites. Chem. Mater. 13, 3260–3271 (2001).
Yang, S. M., Sokolov, I., Coombs, N., Kresge, C. T. & Ozin, G. A. Formation of hollow helicoids in mesoporous silica: supramolecular origami. Adv. Mater. 11, 1427–1431 (1999).
Yang, P. et al. Hierarchically ordered oxides. Science 282, 2244–2246 (1998).
Bouchara, A., Soler Illia, G. J. A. A., Chane-Ching, J. Y. & Sanchez, C. Nanotectonic approach of the texturation of Ce202 based nanomaterials. Chem. Comm. 1234–1235 (2002).
Li, M. & Mann, S. Emergent nanostructures: water induced mesoscale transformation of surfactant stabilized amorphous calcium carbonate nanoparticles in reverse microemulsions. Adv. Funct. Mater. 12, 773–779 (2002).
Förster, S. & Antonietti, M. Amphiphilic block copolymers in structure controlled nanomaterial hybrids. Adv. Mater. 10, 195–217 (1998).
Förster, S. & Plantenberg, T. From self-organizing polymers to nanohybrid and biomaterials. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 41, 689–714 (2002).
Hamley, I. W. Nanotechnology with soft materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 42, 1692–1712 (2003).
Finnefrock, A. C., Ulrich, R., Toombes, G. E. S, Gruner, S. M. & Wiesner, U. The Plumber's nightmare: A new morphology in block copolymer-ceramic nanocomposites and mesoporous aluminosilicates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 13084–13093 (2003).
Simon, P. F. W., Ulrich, R., Spiess, H. W. & Wiesner, U. Block copolymer-ceramic hybrid materials from organically modified ceramic precursors Chem. Mater. 13, 3464–3486 (2001).
Thomas, A., Schlaad, H. & Antonietti, M. Replication of lyotropic block copolymer mesophases into porous silica by nanocasting: learning about finer details of polymer self assembly. Langmuir 19, 4455–4459 (2003).
Faul, C. F., Antonietti, M., Hentze, H. P. & Smarsly, B. Solid state nanostructure of PAMAM dendrimer-fluorosurfactant complexes and nanoparticles synthesis within the ionic subphase. Colloid. Surf. 212, 115–131 (2003).
Cölfen, H. Double hydrophilic block copolymers: Synthesis and application as novel surfactants and crystal growth modifiers. Macromol. Rapid. Commun. 22, 219–252 (2001).
Yu, S. H. & Cölfen, H. Bio-inspired crystal morphogenesis by hydrophilic polymers. J. Mater. Chem. 14 (special issue on new developments on biorelated materials), 2124–2147 (2004).
Li, M., Cölfen, H. & Mann, S. Morphological control of BaSO4 microstructures by double hydrophilic block copolymer mixtures. J. Mater. Chem. 14 (special issue on new developments on biorelated materials), 2269–2276 (2004).
Yunfeng Lu, A. et al. Self-assembly of mesoscopically ordered chromatic polydiacetylene/silica composites. Nature 410, 913–917 (2001).
Osada, Y. & Matsuda, A. Shape memory in hydrogels. Nature, 376, 219–220 (1995).
Ueoka, Y., Gong, J. & Osada, Y. Chemomechanical polymer gel with fish-like motion. J. Intelligent Mater. Syst. and Struct. 8, 465–471 (1997).
Auroy, P. in Biomimétisme et Matériaux Arago 25 (coord. Sanchez, C.) 457–459 (OFTA, Paris, 2001).
Smela, E., Inganas, O. & Lundstrom, I. Conducting polymers as artificial muscles: challenges and possibilities. J. Micromech. Microeng. 3, 203–205 (1993).
McGrath, K. M. Probing material formation in the presence of organic and biological molecules. Adv. Mater. 13, 989–992 (2001).
Jia, J., Zhou, X., Caruso, R. A. & Antonietti, M. Synthesis of microporous silica templated by gelatin. Chem. Lett. 33, 202–203 (2004).
Cha, J. N., Stucky, G. D., Morse, D. E. & Deming, T. J. Biomimetic synthesis of ordered silica structures mediated by block copolypeptides. Nature 403, 289–292 (2000).
Vauthey, S., Santoso, S., Haiyan Gong, Watson, N. & Zhang, S. Molecular self-assembly of surfactant-like peptides to form nanotubes and nanovesicles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 99, 5355–5360 (2002).
Fogleman, E. A., Yount, W. C., Xu, J. & Craig, S. L. Modular, well-behaved reversible polymers from DNA based monomers. Angew. Chem. Int. Edn 41, 4026–4028 (2002).
Hartgerink, J. D., Beniash, E. & Stupp, S. I. Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers. Science 294, 1684–1688 (2001).
Faul, C. F. J. & Antonietti, M. Ionic self-assembly: facile synthesis of supramolecular materials. Adv. Mater. 15, 673–683 (2003).
Shimizu, K., Cha, J. N., Stucky, G. D. & Morse, D. E. Silicatein & alpha Cathepsin L-like protein in sponge biosilica. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 6234–6238 (1998).
Cha, J. N. et al. Silicatein filaments and subunits from a marine sponge direct the polymerization of silica and silicones in vitro. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 361–365 (1999).
Brott, L. L. et al. Ultrafast holographic nanopatterning of biocatalytically formed silica. Nature 413, 291–293 (2001).
Shen, X., Belcher, A., Hansma, P. K., Stucky, G. D. & Morse, D. E. Molecular cloning and characterisation of Lustrin A, a matrix protein from shell and pearl nacre of Haliotis rufescens. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32472–32481 (1997).
Bico, J., Marzolin, C. & Quéré, D. Pearl drops. Europhysics Letters 47, 220–226 (1999).
Vincent, J. in Biomimétisme et Matériaux Arago 25 (coord. Sanchez, C.) 313–324 (OFTA, Paris, 2001).
Vincent, J. Structural Biomaterials (Princeton Univ. Press, USA, 1990).
Simmons, A. H., Michal, C. A. & Jelinski, L. W. Molecular orientation and two-component nature of the crystalline fraction of spider dragline silk. Science 271, 84–87 (1996).
Shin, H., Jo, S. & Mikos, A. G. Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. Biomater, 24, 4353–4364 (2003).
Li, S. T. in Biomaterials Principles and Applications (eds Park, J. B. & Bronzino, J. D.) Ch. 6, 117–139 (CRC press, New York, 2003).
Calvert, P. in Biomimétisme et Matériaux Arago 25 (coord. Sanchez, C.) 299–312 (OFTA, Paris, 2001).
Calvert, P. in Materials Science and Technology Vol. 17 (ed. Brook, R. J.) 51–82 (VCH,Wienheim, 1996).
Calvert, P. & Crockett, R. Chemical solid free-form fabrication : making shapes without molds. Chem. Mater. 9, 650–663 (1997).
Naik, R. J., Brott, L. L., Clarson, S. J. & Stone, M. O. Silica-precipitating peptides isolated from a combinatorial phage display peptide library. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2, 95–100 (2002).
Braun, R., Sarikaya, M. & Schulten, K. Genetically engineered gold-binding polypeptides: Structure prediction and molecular dynamics. J. Biomat. Sci. 13, 747–757 (2002).
Cagnol, F. et al. Humidity-controlled mesostructuration in CTAB-templated silica thin film processing. The existence of a modulable steady state. J. Mater. Chem. 13, 61–66 (2002).
Grosso, D. et al. Fundamentals of mesostructuring through evaporation-induced self-assembly. Adv. Funct. Mater. 14, 309–322 (2004).
Orme, C. A. et al. Formation of chiral morphologies through selective binding of amino acids to calcite surface steps. Nature 411, 775–779 (2001).
Petit, L., Sellière, E., Duguet, E., Ravaine, S. & Mingotaud, C. Dissymmetric silica nanospheres: a first step to difunctionalized nanomaterials J. Mater. Chem. 10, 253–254 (2000).
Reculusa, S., Mingotaud, C., Duguet, E. & Ravaine, S. in The Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ed. Dekker, M.) 943–953 (in the press).
Giraud-Guille, M. M., Besseau, L. & Martin, R. Liquid crystalline assemblies of collagen in bone and in vitro systems. J. Biomech. 36, 1571–1579 (2003).
Giraud-Guille, M. M. Liquid crystalline order of biopolymers in cuticles and bones. Microsc. Res. Technol. 27, 420–428 (1994).
Crepaldi, E. L. et al. Controlled formation of highly organized mesoporous titania thin films: From mesostructured hybrids to mesoporous nanoanatase TiO2 . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 9770–9786 (2003).
Llusar, M., Monros, G., Roux, C., Pozzo, L. J. & Sanchez, C. One-pot synthesis of phenyl- and amine-functionalized silica fibers through the use of anthracenic and phenazinic organogelators. J. Mater. Chem. 13, 2505–2514 (2003).
Bates, F. S. & Fredrickson, G. H. Block copolymers-designer soft materials. Phys. Today 52, 32–38 (1999).
Auschra, C. & Stadler, R. New ordered morphologies in ABC triblock copolymers. Macromolecules 26, 2171–2174 (1993).
Stadler, R. et al. Morphology and thermodynamics of symmetric poly(A-block-B-block-C) triblock copolymers. Macromolecules. 28, 3080–3097 (1995).
Breiner, U., Krappe, U., Thomas, E. L. & Stadler, R. Structural characterization of the “knitting pattern” in polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) triblock copolymers. Macromolecules 31, 135–141 (1998).
Acknowledgements
Emmanuel Belamie and Thibaud Coradin are gratefully acknowledged for their critical reading of the manuscript and for interesting discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sanchez, C., Arribart, H. & Giraud Guille, M. Biomimetism and bioinspiration as tools for the design of innovative materials and systems. Nature Mater 4, 277–288 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1339
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1339
This article is cited by
-
Mechanical Behavior of Bamboo, and Its Biomimetic Composites and Structural Members: A Systematic Review
Journal of Bionic Engineering (2024)
-
Nature-inspired micropatterns
Nature Reviews Methods Primers (2023)
-
Omniphobic liquid-like surfaces
Nature Reviews Chemistry (2023)
-
Sol–gel synthesized siloxane hybrid materials for display and optoelectronic applications
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (2023)
-
Enhanced photocatalytic activity of FeVO4 nanoparticles biosynthesized using olive leaves extract for photodegradation of crystal violet (CV)
Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis (2023)