A newly designed fluorescent aluminum(III) complex (L′–Al; 2) of a structurally characterized non-fluorescent rhodamine Schiff base (L) has been isolated in pure form and characterized using spectroscopic and physico-chemical methods with theoretical density functional theory (DFT) support. On addition of Al(III) ions to a solution of L in HEPES buffer (1 mM, pH 7.4; EtOH–water, 1 : 3 v/v) at 25 °C, the systematic increase in chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) enables the detection of Al(III) ions as low as 60 nM with high selectivity, unaffected by the presence of competitive ions. Interestingly, the Al(III) complex (L′–Al; 2) is specifically able to detect fluoride ions by quenching the fluorescence in the presence of large amounts of other anions in the HEPES buffer (1 mM, pH 7.4) at 25 °C. On the basis of our experimental and theoretical findings, the addition of Al³⁺ ions to a solution of L helps to generate a new fluorescence peak at 590 nm, due to the selective binding of Al³⁺ ions with L in a 1 : 1 ratio with a binding constant (K) of 8.13 × 10⁴ M⁻¹. The Schiff base L shows no cytotoxic effect, and it can therefore be employed for determining the intracellular concentration of Al³⁺ and F⁻ ions by 2 in living cells using fluorescence microscopy.