Tunable optical properties and stability of lead free all inorganic perovskites (Cs2SnIxCl6−x)

Weiguang Zhu; Guoqing Xin; Yiping Wang; Xin Min; Tiankai Yao; Wenqian Xu; Minghao Fang; Sufei Shi; Jian Shi; Jie Lian

doi:10.1039/C7TA10040J

Tunable optical properties and stability of lead free all inorganic perovskites (Cs₂SnI_xCl_6−x)†

Weiguang Zhu,^a Guoqing Xin,^a Yiping Wang,^b Xin Min,^c Tiankai Yao,^a Wenqian Xu,^d Minghao Fang,^c Sufei Shi,^ef Jian Shi^b and Jie Lian

*^a

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* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
E-mail: lianj@rpi.edu
Fax: +1 518-276-6025
Tel: +1 518-276-6081

^b Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA

^c Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China

^d X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA

^e Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA

^f Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA

Abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrid lead-based perovskites experience significant environmental instability under ambient moist air and are not environmentally benign due to the usage of toxic Pb. Here, we report a new approach to synthesize lead-free all inorganic perovskites (Cs₂SnI_xCl_6−x) using hydriodic acid (HI) demonstrating greatly enhanced environmental stability and tunable optical properties by controlling the I⁻/Cl⁻ ratios. Single phase perovskites can be achieved with a low iodine or chlorine content, and a phase separation occurs in the binary system with closer iodine and chlorine dopings. UV-vis diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence measurements reveal tunable band gaps of Cs₂SnI_xCl_6−x perovskites from the UV to the infrared region. The mixed halide perovskite with a lower chloride content shows significantly higher photoluminescence intensity. The thermal stability of mixed halide all-inorganic perovskites is continuously improved as the Cl content increases. The synthesis of Sn-based perovskites with tunable optical properties and environmental stability represents one step further toward the realization of the stable lead-free all inorganic perovskites.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Tunable optical properties and stability of lead free all inorganic perovskites (Cs₂SnI_xCl_6−x)†

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Tunable optical properties and stability of lead free all inorganic perovskites (Cs₂SnI_xCl_6−x)

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A