Skip to main content
Log in

The crossvergence perspective: reflections and projections

  • Retrospective
  • Published:
Journal of International Business Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this retrospective, I chronicle the development of the crossvergence theory of values evolution, which states: it is the dynamic interaction of the sociocultural influences with the business ideology influences that provides the driving force to precipitate the development of new and unique values systems in societies. Crossvergence theory was introduced in our 1993 JIBS paper, and was the focus of our 1997 Decade Award paper, as well as of a series of subsequent papers. Thus I discuss the purpose and findings for six papers that have contributed to our present level of knowledge concerning crossvergence theory. I conclude my comments with a discussion of the relevance of longitudinal and multilevel research, measures found to be useful, and methodologies to consider, as well as identifying research topics in need of exploration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The “influence-type” terminology that I am using to describe this study was developed many years after the writing of this study.

References

  • Andrews, T. G., & Chompusri, N. 2005. Temporal dynamics of crossvergence: Institutionalizing MNC integration strategies in post-crisis ASEAN. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 22 (1): 5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. 1999. Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egri, C. P., & Ralston, D. A. 2004. Generation cohorts and personal values: A comparison of China and the United States. Organization Science, 15 (2): 210–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, R. 1997. Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, L., MacNab, B., & Worthley, R. 2006. Crossvergence and cultural tendencies: A longitudinal test of the Hong Kong, Taiwan and United States banking sectors. Journal of International Management, 12 (1): 67–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McSweeney, B. 2002. Hofstede's model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith – a failure of analysis. Human Relations, 55 (1): 89–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negandhi, A. R. 1975. Comparative management and organizational theory: A marriage needed. Academy of Management Journal, 18 (2): 334–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A. 2007. Cuba: A comparison of work values on Castro's island with those in the United States. Thunderbird International Business Review, 49 (6): 655–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Gustafson, D. J., Cheung, F., & Terpstra, R. H. 1993. Differences in managerial values: A study of US, Hong Kong and PRC managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 24 (2): 249–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Yu, K. C., Wang, X., Terpstra, R. H., & He, W. 1996. The cosmopolitan Chinese manager: Findings of a study on managerial values across the six regions of China. Journal of International Management, 2 (2): 79–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Holt, D. A., Terpstra, R. H., & Yu, K. C. 1997. The impact of national culture and economic ideology on managerial work values: A study of the United States, Russia, Japan, and China. Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (1): 177–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Nguyen, V. T., & Napier, N. K. 1999a. A comparative study of the work values of North and South Vietnamese managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (4): 655–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Egri, C. P., Stewart, S., Terpstra, R. H., & Yu, K. C. 1999b. Doing business in the 21st century with the new generation of Chinese managers: A study of generational shifts in work values in China. Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (2): 415–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Pounder, J., Lo, C. W. H., Wong, Y. Y., Egri, C. P., & Stauffer, J. 2006a. Stability and change in managerial work values: A longitudinal study of China, Hong Kong and the US. Management and Organization Review, 2 (1): 67–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Terpstra-Tong, J., Terpstra, R. H., Wang, X., & Egri, C. P. 2006b. Today's state-owned enterprises of China: Are they dying dinosaurs or dynamic dynamos? Strategic Management Journal, 27 (9): 825–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle, L., Ralston, D. A., Melahi, K., Butt, A. N., & Dalig, T. 2007. Middle East managerial values: Evidence from five countries. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA. Available from lriddle@gwu.edu.

  • Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. 2000. National cultures: Implications for organizational structure and behavior. In N. N. Ashkanasy, C. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds), The handbook of organizational culture and climate: 417–436. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 25 1–65. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenkar, O. 2001. Cultural distance revisited: Towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of cultural differences. Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (3): 519–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. 1995. Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. 1998. Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, R. H. 1969. Convergence or divergence. Columbia Journal of World Business, 4 (3): 75–83.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to note that a multitude of colleagues have been an inspiration over the years in my development of the crossvergence perspective. In particular, however, I specifically would like to acknowledge my co-authors who participated in the six studies that I include in this discussion of the evolution of my thinking regarding crossvergence theory. In alphabetical order, they are: Fanny Cheung, Carolyn P. Egri, David J. Gustafson, Wei He, David H. Holt, Carlos W. H. Lo, Nancy K. Napier, Van Thang Nguyen, James Pounder, Joseph Stauffer, Robert H. Terpstra, Xun Wang, Yim-Yu Wong, and Kai-cheng Yu.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David A Ralston.

Additional information

Accepted by Arie Y Lewin, Editor-in-Chief, 13 September 2007.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ralston, D. The crossvergence perspective: reflections and projections. J Int Bus Stud 39, 27–40 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400333

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400333

Keywords

Navigation