Skip to main content
Log in

Export flagships in branding small developing countries: The cases of Costa Rica and Moldova

  • Special Issue Paper
  • Published:
Place Branding and Public Diplomacy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Compared to developed and larger developing countries, small developing countries (SDC) face additional challenges while forging their nation brand. They must thus find creative and cost-efficient ways to create, position and communicate themselves. The authors suggest that by focusing on an export flagship product, one that not only has commercial potential but that also truly symbolises the country, SDC can develop/enhance their country brands. The authors further suggest that this export flagship might be a local food as this is a strong conveyor of culture. By being symbolically charged, and assuming that they are functionally and experientially competitive, food products have a good chance of success. Beyond immediate commercial benefits, export flagships transfer positive associations to the country and might serve as a basis for developing a country brand identity. Not only will the country brand be enhanced, but positive associations redirected towards further country branding activities resulting in overall improvement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5

References

  • Ahmed, Z. U., Johnson, J. P., Yang, X., Fatt, Ch. Kh., Teng, H. S. and Boon, L. Ch. (2004) ‘Does country of origin matter for low-involvement products?’ International Marketing Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 102–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almonte, J., Falk, C., Skaggs, Rh. and Cárdenas, M. (1995) ‘Country-of-origin bias among high-income consumers in Mexico: An empirical study’, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 27–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AllMoldova (2006) ‘Winemaking in Moldova, The Wine Road in Moldova’, available at http://www.allmoldova.com/index.php?action=viewdoc&id=1089024983&lng=eng.

  • Amine, L. and Chao, M. (2005) ‘Managing country image to long term advantage: The case of Taiwan and Acer’, Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 187–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anholt, S. (2005) ‘Brand New Justice’, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK.

  • Anholt-GMI (2005), How the world sees the world, the Anholt Nation Brands Index, Q4 2005, available at http://www.nationbrandindex.com/docs/NBI_Q4_2005.pdf.

  • Anholt-GMI (2006), Special Report on Denmark's International Image, Q1 2006, available at http://www.nationbrandindex.com/docs/NBI_Q2_2006.pdf.

  • BCCR (Costa Rican Central Bank) (2006) Monthly Report of Costa Rica's Economic Situation, June 2006. available at: http://indicadoreseconomicos.bccr.fi.cr/indicadoreseconomicos/Documentos/Informe%20mensual/Informe%20Mensual.pdf.

  • Beracs, J. and Papadopoulos, N. (1990) ‘New perspectives in East-West business: The case of Hungary’, in Kirpalani, V.H. (ed)‘ ‘International Business Handbook’, The Haworth Press, New York, NY, pp. 267–311.

  • Biesanz, M. H., Biesanz, R. and Biesanz, K. Z. (1999) ‘The Ticos: Culture and Social Change in Costa Rica’, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO.

  • Bloch, P. H. (1986) ‘The product enthusiast: Implications for marketing strategy’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 51–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britt Coffee (2006), Coffee Tour, available at http://www.coffeetour.com/index.cfm?LangID=1&CFID=972715&CFTOKEN=33827561&jsessionid=4c307e762dac$3Fhx$C7.

  • Burbidge, C. (2006, April 7, 2006) ‘Russia: Further bans on Moldovan and Georgian wine,available at http://www.decanter.com/news/82976.html.

  • Caldwell, N. and Freire, J. R. (2004) ‘The difference between branding a country, a region and a city: Applying the Brand Box Model’, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 50–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) (2006a) World Fact Book, Online version, Costa Rica, available at https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cs.html.

  • CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) (2006b) World Fact Book, Online version, Moldova, available at https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/md.html.

  • d’Astous, A. and Ahmed, S. A. (1992) ‘Multi-cue evaluation of made-in concept: A conjoint analysis study in Belgium’, Journal of Euromarketing, Vol. 2, pp. 9–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • d’Astous, A. and Ahmed, S. A. (1995) ‘Comparison of country-of-origin effects on household and organizational buyers’, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 35–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M. and Isherwood, B. (1979) ‘The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption’, Basic Books, New York, NY.

  • Edwards, F. and Mort, G. (1991) ‘The expert wine taster’, International Marketing Review, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettenson, R. (1993) ‘Brand name and country of origin effects in the emerging market economies of Russia, Poland and Hungary’, International Marketing Review, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 14–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Florek, M. (2006) ‘Podstawy Marketingu Terytorialnego’, The Poznan University of Economics, Poland.

  • Gertner, D. and Kotler, P. (2004) ‘How can a place correct a negative image?’ Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 50–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilby, C. (2006, May 26, 2006) ‘Georgia government bolsters struggling wine industry’, retrieved 31st July, 2006, from http://www.decanter.com/news/85525.html.

  • Gilg, A. and Battershill, M. (1998) ‘Quality farm food in Europe: A possible alternative to the industrialised food market and to current agri-environmental policies: Lessons from France’, Food Policy, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gnoth, J. (2002) ‘Leveraging export brands through a tourism destination brand’, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4/5, pp. 262–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, R. E., D’Hauteville, F. and Flynn, L. R. (1998) ‘Theory and measurement of consumer innovativeness: A translational evaluation’, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 32, No. 3/4, pp. 340–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, C. M. (1989) ‘Country image: Halo or summary construct?’ Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 222–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, S. (2002) ‘Culture, tourism and local community — The heritage identity of the Isle of Man’, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4/5, pp. 355–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, S. T. and Wyer Jr, R. S. (1989) ‘Effects of country-of-origin and product-attribute information on product evaluation: An information processing perspective’, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 175–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, S. T. and Yi, Y. (1992) ‘Cross-national comparison of country-of-origin effects on product evaluations’, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 49–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hui, M. K. and Zhou, L. (2003) ‘Country-of-manufacture effects for known brands’, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, No. 1/2, pp. 133–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICAFE (Costa Rican Coffee Institute) (2006) Official Website ‘Tico Coffee’, available at http://www.icafe.go.cr/homepage.nsf.

  • ICO (International Coffee Organization) (2006a) ‘Coffee Market Report Letter from the Executive Director, July 2006, available at: http://www.ico.org/documents/cmr0706e.pdf.

  • ICO (International Coffee Organization) (2006b) ‘The Story of Coffee’, available at http://dev.ico.org/coffee_story.asp.

  • ICT (Costa Rican Tourism Institute) (2006) Official Website ‘About Costa Rica’, available at http://www.visitcostarica.com/ict/paginas/home.asp?ididioma=2.

  • INBIO (National Biodiversity Institute) (2006) Official Website, ‘Costa Rican Bio Diversity Study’, available at http://www.inbio.ac.cr/es/biod/estrategia/Paginas/frame_estudio.htm.

  • Janda, S. and Rao, C. P. (1997) ‘The effect of country-of-origin related stereotypes and personal beliefs on product evaluation’, Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 689–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, J. K. (1989) ‘Determinants and effects of the use of “made-in” labels’, International Marketing Review, Vol. 6, pp. 27–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, J. K. (1993) ‘Missing a strategic opportunity: Managers’ denial of country-of-origin effect’, in Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A. (eds)‘ Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing’, International Business Press, New York, NY, pp. 77–86.

  • John, D. R., Loken, B. and Joiner, Ch. (1998) ‘The negative impact of extensions: Can flagship products be diluted?’ Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 19–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapferer, J. N. (1992) ‘Strategic Brand Management, New Approaches to Creating and Evaluating Brand Equity’, Kogan Page, London, UK.

  • Keown, C. and Casey, M. (1995) ‘Purchasing behaviour in the Northern Ireland wine market’, British Food Journal, Vol. 97, No. 11, pp. 17–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Ch. K. and Chung, J. Y. (1997) ‘Brand popularity, country image and market share: An empirical study’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 361–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P. and Gertner, D. (2002) ‘Country as brand, product, and beyond: A place marketing and brand management perspective’, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4/5, pp. 249–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., Haider, D. and Rein, I. (1993) ‘Marketing Places Attracting Investment, Industry, and Tourism to Cities, States and Nations’, The Free Press/Macmillan, New York, NY.

  • Kotler, P., Jatusripitak, S. and Maesincee, S. (1997) ‘The Marketing of Nations. A Strategic Approach to Building National Wealth’, Free Press, New York, NY.

  • Lantz, G. and Loeb, S. (1996) ‘Country of origin and ethnocentrism: an analysis of Canadian and American preferences using social identity theory’, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 23, pp. 374–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockshin, L. and Hall, J. (2003) ‘Consumer Purchasing Behaviour for Wine: What We Know and Where We are Going’, International Colloquium in Wine Marketing, Adelaide, Australia.

  • MEPO (Moldova Export Promoting Organization) (2006) ‘Brand Development Moldova’, presented at Promoting Moldavian International Conference, 2nd June, 2006 file:///P:/PBG%20Links/Moldavia%20Conference%20Website.php.htm.

  • MMCT (Moldovan Ministry of Culture and Tourism) (2006a) Official Website ‘About Moldova’, available at http://www.turism.md/eng/repofmold/.

  • MMCT (Moldovan Ministry of Culture and Tourism) (2006b) Official Website ‘The Wine Road in Moldova’, available at http://www.turism.md/eng/wine/.

  • MMCT (Moldova Ministry of Culture and Tourism) (2005) ‘Inbound Tourism in the Republic of Moldova’, Presentation 2nd June, 2006.

  • MNBS (Moldova National Bureaus of Statistics) (2006a) ‘Moldovan Foreign Commerce Report, August 2006’, available at http://www.statistica.md/statistics/dat/843/ro/Activ_com_ext_semI_2006.pdf.

  • MNBS (Moldova National Bureau of Statistics) (2006b) ‘Moldovan Foreign Trade 1997–2004’, available at http://www.statistica.md/statistics/dat/630/en/Comert_exterior_1997_2004_en.htm.

  • Mort, G. S., Ettenson, R., Papadopoulos, N., Heslop, L. and Szamosi, L. (1996) ‘Country images and perceptions of products “Made In” Eastern Europe: The view from Australia’, Asian Journal of Marketing — Special Issue, Vol. 5, pp. 29–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • NCAUSA (National Coffee Association of the United States of America) (2006) ‘All About Coffee, World of Coffee’, available at http://www.ncausa.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=75.

  • NFCGC (National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia) (2006) Official Website ‘The New face of Juan Valdez’, http://www.juanvaldez.com/newjuan.htm.

  • OECD (1995) ‘Niche Markets as a Rural Development Strategy’, OECD, Paris, France.

  • Papadopoulos, N. (1993) ‘What product and country images are and are not’, in Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L. (ed)‘ Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing’, International Business Press: Binghamton, NY, pp. 3–38.

  • Papadopoulos, N. (2004) ‘Place branding: Evolution, meaning and implications’, Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 36–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L. (1993) ‘But who knows where or when: Reflections on the images of countries and their products’, in: Papodopoulos, N. and Heslop L. (eds).‘ Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing’, International Business Press: Binghamton, NY, pp. 39–75.

  • Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L. (2002) ‘Country equity and country branding: Problems and prospects’, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4/5, pp. 294–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. W., Jaworski, B. J. and Maclnnis, D. J. (1986) ‘Strategic brand concept-image management’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 50, pp. 135–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pravda (2005) ‘The leaders of Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia met to scheme against Russia’, September, 3, 2005, available at http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/89/357/15077_wine.html.

  • PROCOMER (Foreign Commerce Promotion Agency) (2006) ‘Costa Rica Export Statistics 2005, Exports by Products’, available at: http://www.procomer.com/est/mercados/PDF/2005/Modulo6_Principales%20productos.pdf.

  • Roth, M. S. and Romeo, J. B. (1992) ‘Matching product and country image perceptions: A framework for managing country-of-origin effects’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 477–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCAA (Specialty Coffee Association of America) (2006) ‘Statement Geographic Indications for the Origin of Coffee, August 2006’, available at http://www.scaa.org/pdfs/news/SCAA-GI-Ethiopia-Statement0806.pdf.

  • Skaggs, R., Falk, C., Almonte, J. and Cárdenas, M. (1996) ‘Product-country images and international food marketing: Relationships and research needs’, Agribusiness, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 593–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Supphellen, M., Eismann, Ø. and Hem, L. (2004) ‘Can advertisements for brand extensions revitalise flagship products? An experiment’, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 173–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellström, R., Gustafsson, I. -B. and Mossberg, L. (2006) ‘Consuming heritage: The use of local food culture in branding’, Place Branding, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 130–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UN (United Nations) (2005) Human Development Report, Human Development Index, available at http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf.

  • United States Library of Congress (2006) Country Studies, Moldova, Economy, available at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mdtoc.html#md0038.

  • Urry, J. (2002) ‘The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies’, Sage Publications, London, UK.

  • USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) (2006) ‘Cuba’, available at http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/cuba/cuba-faq.html.

  • Verlegh, P. W. J. (2001) ‘Country-of-origin effects on consumer product evaluations’, Abstract of dissertation no.3083, Wageningen University.

  • Wine Moldova (2006) ‘History of Wine’, available at http://www.winemoldova.com/history.html.

  • Zeithaml, V. A. (1988) ‘Consumer perceptions of price, quality and value: A means-end model an synthesis of evidence’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 2–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the following people for their cooperation and valuable input: Alexander Stakhurski (Stas Marketing Partners), Ruth Fitzgerald (Acorex Wine Holding), Marina Antocel (Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Moldova).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Magdalena Florek.

Additional information

2has an MBA and MS in International Business, both with a marketing emphasis, from the University of Colorado. He is currently pursuing a PhD in Marketing at the University of Otago, New Zealand, focusing on place branding. Before getting into academia, he worked as an ethnic marketing consultant and in export and tourist marketing in both the United States and Costa Rica.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Florek, M., Conejo, F. Export flagships in branding small developing countries: The cases of Costa Rica and Moldova. Place Brand Public Dipl 3, 53–72 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000048

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000048

Keywords

Navigation