Broken Symmetries

Jeffrey Goldstone, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg
Phys. Rev. 127, 965 – Published 1 August 1962
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Abstract

Some proofs are presented of Goldstone's conjecture, that if there is continuous symmetry transformation under which the Lagrangian is invariant, then either the vacuum state is also invariant under the transformation, or there must exist spinless particles of zero mass.

  • Received 16 March 1962

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.127.965

©1962 American Physical Society

Authors & Affiliations

Jeffrey Goldstone

  • Trinity College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England

Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg*

  • Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England

  • *Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow; Permanent address: University of California, Berkeley, California.

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Issue

Vol. 127, Iss. 3 — August 1962

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