The nucleation and growth of ferroelectric domains in barium titanate have been studied as a function of applied electric field and temperature. The optical and electrical measurements were made on thin single-crystal plates normal to $c$, the polar direction. When the electric field applied along this direction is reversed, new domains with opposite polarization are formed. The manner of growth of these domains is very different from that of domain growth in ferromagnetic materials. The sidewise motion of the 180° side walls (walls between domains with antiparallel polarization) which is common in ferromagnetic crystals is almost never found in barium titanate. Instead its polarization is changed by the formation of very many new anti-parallel domains which are extremely thin (${10}^{-4\mathrm{}}$ cm) and appear to grow only in the forward direction. The explanation of this behavior is found in the weak coupling between the dipoles perpendicular to the dipole direction. The wall thickness is small, of the order of one to a few lattice constants; the wall energy in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_3$ is of the order of 10 erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^2$. Electrical pulsing experiments substantiate the optical observations very clearly. Pulsing the samples at different temperatures shows that the nucleation rate of new domains is accelerated at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the growth of the new domains is faster at higher temperatures. Experimental results are presented showing how the switching current and the switching time depend on applied electrical field, on temperature, and on the size of the sample.

• Received 19 April 1954

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.95.690