The dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on Pd(100) has been studied by ab initio quantum dynamics and ab initio molecular-dynamics calculations. Treating all hydrogen degrees of freedom as dynamical coordinates implies a high dimensionality and requires statistical averages over thousands of trajectories. An efficient and accurate treatment of such extensive statistics is achieved in a three-step approach: In a first step we evaluate the ab initio potential-energy surface (PES) for a number of appropriate points in configuration space. Then (as step 2) we determine an analytical representation that serves as an interpolation between the actually calculated points. In an independent third step dynamical calculations are performed on the analytical representation of the PES. Thus the dissociation dynamics is investigated without any crucial assumption except for the Born-Oppenheimer approximation which is anyhow employed when density-functional-theory calculations are performed. The ab initio molecular dynamics is compared to detailed quantum-dynamical calculations on exactly the same ab initio PES. The occurence of quantum oscillations in the sticking probability as a function of kinetic energy is addressed. They turn out to be very sensitive to the symmetry of the initial conditions. At low kinetic energies sticking is dominated by the steering effect, which is illustrated using classical trajectories. The steering effect depends on the kinetic energy, but not on the mass of the molecules, as long as no energy transfer to the substrate atoms is considered. The comparison between quantum and classical calculations of the sticking probability shows the importance of zero-point effects in the hydrogen dynamics. The dependence of the sticking probability on the angle of incidence is analyzed; it is found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The results show that the determination of the potential-energy surface combined with high-dimensional dynamical calculations, in which all relevant degrees of freedom are taken into account, leads to a detailed understanding of the dissociation dynamics of hydrogen at a transition metal surface.

• Received 2 May 1997

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.57.2493