We examine the requirements placed upon the Hamiltonian under the demand of gauge invariance. From these requirements we derive the gauge-invariant form of the tight-binding Hamiltonian with electromagnetic coupling. In our derivation we do not make recourse to a Peierls substitution and hence avoid introducing any ambiguities of path. Our expression transparently reduces to the familiar expression in a complete basis. We apply this Hamiltonian to study resonant magnetotunneling spectroscopy using a simple tight-binding model.

• Received 14 June 2000

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.63.245314