Here, we describe a first-principles derivation of the macroscopic Poynting vector, heating rate, and stored energy in arbitrary composite media formed by dielectric and metallic inclusions, taking into account the effects of artificial magnetism, bianisotropy, as well as spatial dispersion. Starting from the microscopic Maxwell’s equations in an arbitrary periodic structured material, we demonstrate that in some situations it is possible to obtain a mathematically exact relation between quadratic expressions of the microscopic fields (such as the cell-averaged microscopic Poynting vector) and the macroscopic electromagnetic fields and the effective dielectric function.

• Received 3 July 2009

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.235120