Figure 1

(a) Schematic of the experimental setup. The cylindrical column housing the device is shown only partly. The device has been blown up (not to scale) on the right showing the nanoparticles, the anchor and the spacer molecules. Estimated thickness of the assembly 100 Å. (b) Plot of the potential difference versus time: A Showing the rise and stabilization of the potential difference during 12 000 to 14 000 s (after starting the experiment) B for a device without nanoparticles. Inset: Potential difference versus time for a series of measurements, as described in text. Plots of ${\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}}$ as a function of (c) flow rate, (d) dipole moment, (e) salt concentration (trisodium citrate, ${\mathrm{Na}}_3\mathrm{Cit}$), and (f) viscosity, the flow rate being $500{\mathrm{cm}}^3/\mathrm{h}$ for (d)–(f).Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

(a) Schematic representation of the geometry of collision and the subsequent ejection of the electron. The dominant competing forces acting on the ejected charge are indicated. Plot of velocity of the charge at the plate, as a function of (b) flow velocity and (c) dipole moment of the analyte.Reuse & Permissions