Figure 1

An example of a single EEL spectrum, taken from the left-hand corner of the EEL data set in Fig. 2. The circles show the raw spectrum after subtracting the dark current. The thick gray line is the principal component analysis reconstruction of the raw spectrum, as calculated from the first three principal components of the whole EEL data set of Fig. 2. The thin gray line is a power-law fit to the reconstructed spectrum, using a 20 eV wide window before the oxygen $K$ edge. The thin black line shows the background-subtracted raw spectrum, which is used for further analysis.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

Comparison between experiments (tilted images) and simulations of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{MnO}}_3$ oriented along the $⟨001⟩$ zone axis. (a) $Z$-contrast, (b) oxygen $K$ edge and (c) manganese $L_{2,3}$ edge STEM images. The atomic structure is indicated. The EEL maps were generated by integrating the EEL spectra over a 30 eV window above the respective ionization threshold. This is shown in gray shading on the spectra to the right, which are summations of all the spectra in the adjacent EEL maps. The $Z$-contrast image is the summation of three cross-correlated single images, taken from the same area, with the same experimental settings as the EEL maps. The simulations assume a 330 Å thick sample.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

As Fig. 2 but with the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{MnO}}_3$ specimen oriented along the $⟨110⟩$ zone axis. (a) $Z$-contrast, (b) oxygen $K$ edge and (c) manganese $L_{2,3}$ edge STEM images. The zigzag pattern of the oxygen columns is most noticeable in this specimen orientation and is caused by the tilted ${\mathrm{MnO}}_6$ octahedra. The simulations assume a 120 Å thick sample.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 4

Same as Figs. 2, 3 but with the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{MnO}}_3$ specimen oriented along the $⟨111⟩$ zone axis. (a) $Z$-contrast, (b) oxygen $K$ edge and (c) manganese $L_{2,3}$ edge STEM images. The shoulder on the low-energy side of the manganese $L_3$ edge (inset) becomes more pronounced from top to bottom in the EEL data, indicating a reduction of the manganese cations during acquisition. The simulations assume a 400 Å thick sample.Reuse & Permissions