Long term mechanical reliability with lead‐free solders

The decision to move to lead‐free solders has been made, but processing and performance challenges remain. This paper considers the transition in terms of performance, with particular emphasis on long term, high reliability applications. Comparison of key mechanical properties indicates generally beneficial outcomes of the transition to lead‐free alloys, although there is a lack of understanding surrounding “anomalous” observations, such as the effects of the bismuth. The lower melting point of Sn‐Zn‐Bi alloys, together with their comparable mechanical properties, provide further impetus to address their shortcomings during processing. Some lead‐free alloys, such as Sn‐0.5Cu, are susceptible to tin‐pest formation following prolonged exposure below 13°C, and this possibility remains for the more concentrated Sn‐3.8Ag‐0.7Cu alloy.