Abstract
The content and distribution of 17 individual structures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined in the surface soil layers of the Eastern Administrative District of Moscow and in the background soils of the Meshchera Lowland. The maximum contribution to the PAH spectrum in the background soil belonged to the structures with a small number of nuclei mainly of natural genesis. In the urban soils, the mean total PAH was 5385 ng/g; it was 40 times higher than in the background objects. The unsubstituted multinuclear hydrocarbons as compared to homologues accumulated two times more intensely. The total PAH concentration in the soils of different functional zones varied from 4288 (old residential area) to 8655 ng/g (new blocks). The soils of each zone were characterized by a constant composition of polyarenes, which reflected a specific combination of pollution sources. Using the maps of the benz(a)pyrene contents in the soils in different years, two of its contrasting technogenic anomalies were revealed in the northern and central parts of the district. In 2006, in these areas, the benz(a)pyrene concentration exceeded its MPC by 150 times. The ecological hazard of PAH pollution was assessed. The estimate obtained took into account the carcinogenic potential of 13 individual polyarenes by their equivalents with respect to benz(a)pyrene.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. I. Agapkina, P. A. Chikov, A. A. Shelepchikov, et al., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of Moscow,” Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 17: pochvoved., No. 3, 38–46 (2007).
T. A. Alekseeva and T. A. Teplitskaya, Spectrofluorimetric Methods for Analyzing Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Natural and Anthropogenic Environments (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1981) [in Russian].
V. R. Bityukova and D. I. Slobodskoi, “Changes in the Territorial Structure of Industrial Contamination of Moscow in the 1990s,” Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5: Geogr., No. 2, 50–59 (2003).
D. N. Gabov, V. A. Beznosikov, B. M. Kondratenok, and E. V. Yakovleva, “Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Northern and Middle Taiga Soils,” Pochvovedenie, No. 11, 1334–1343 (2008) [Eur. Soil Sci. 41(11), 1180–1188 (2008)].
A. N. Gennadiev, Yu. I. Pikovskii, S. S. Chernyanskii, et al., “Forms of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Factors of Their Accumulations in Soils Affected by Technogenic Pollution (Moscow Oblast),” Pochvovedenie, No. 7, 804–818 (2004) [Eur. Soil Sci. 37 (7), 697–709 (2004)].
Geochemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rocks and Soils, Ed. by A. N. Gennadiev and Yu. I. Pik- ovskii (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1996) [in Russian].
GN 2.1.7.2041-06. Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) of Chemical Substances in the Soil: Hygienic Norms (Moscow, 2006) [in Russian].
M. I. Gerasimova, M. N. Stroganova, N. V. Mozharova, and T. V. Prokof’eva, Anthropogenic Soils: Genesis, Geography, and Remediation, Ed. by G. V. Dobrovol’skii (Oikumena, Moscow, 2003) [in Russian].
Engineering Ecology and Environmental Management, Ed. by N. I. Ivanov (Logos, Moscow, 2002) [in Russian].
N. S. Kasimov, Methodology and Procedure of the Landscape-Geochemical Analysis of Cities: Ecogeochemistry of Urban Landscapes, Ed. by N. S. Kasimov (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1995) [in Russian].
B. M. Kogut, E. Shul’ts, A. Yu. Galaktionov, and N. A. Titova, “Concentrations and Composition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Granulodensimetric Fractions of Soils in Moscow Parks,” Pochvovedenie, No. 10, 1182–1189 (2006) [Eur. Soil Sci. 39(10), 1066–1073 (2006)].
N. E. Kosheleva and E. M. Nikiforova, “Anthropogenic Transformation of Physicochemical Properties of Urban Soils and Its Effect on the Accumulation of Lead,” in The II International Scientific Conference “Current Problems of Soil Pollution”, Moscow, Russia, 2007 (Moscow, 2007), pp. 123–127 [in Russian].
A. A. Krasnopeeva, Extended Abstract of Candidate’s Dissertation in Geography (Moscow, 2009).
E. D. Lodygin, S. N. Chukov, V. A. Beznosikov, and D. N. Gabov, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of Vasilievsky Island (St. Petersburg),” Pochvovedenie, No. 12, 1494–1500 (2008) [Eur. Soil Sci. 41(12), 1321–1326 (2008)].
E. M. Nikiforova, Geochemical Barriers in Soils of Urban Ecosystems (with Moscow as an Example), Ed. by N. S. Kasimov and A. E. Vorob’ev (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 2002) [in Russian].
E. M. Nikiforova and T. A. Alekseeva, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Soils of Roadside Ecosystems of Moscow,” Pochvovedenie, No. 1, 47–58 (2002) [Eur. Soil Sci. 35(1), 42–52 (2002)].
E. M. Nikiforova and T. A. Alekseeva, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of Suburban Agricultural Landscapes in Eastern Moscow Region,” Pochvovedenie, No. 11, 1366–1380 (2005) [Eur. Soil Sci. 38 (11), 1213–1225 (2005)].
E. M. Nikiforova, I. S. Kozin, and K. Tsird, “Contamination of Urban Soils with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Relation to the Effect of Heating,” Pochvovedenie, No. 1, 91–102 (1993).
E. M. Nikiforova and T. A. Teplitskaya, “Technogenic Geochemical Anomalies of Heavy Hydrocarbons in Soils of the Northwestern Russian Plain,” Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5: Geogr., No. 5, 32–45 (1979).
State Report on the Environment State of Moscow in 1979, Ed. by A. G. Ishkov (Prima-press, Moscow, 1998) [in Russian].
N. A. Pavlova, “Stability of Benz[a]pyrene in the Soil,” in Hygiene of Inhabited Areas (Kiev, 1980), No. 19, pp. 113–116 [in Russian].
GN 1.1.725-98. List of Substances, Products, Production Processes, and Domestic and Natural Factors Carcinogenic for Humans: Hygienic Norms.
Yu. I. Pikovskii, Natural and Technogenic Fluxes of Hydrocarbons in the Environment (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1993) [in Russian].
Soil, City, and Ecology, Ed. by G. V. Dobrovol’skii (Moscow, 1997) [in Russian].
F. Ya. Rovinskii, T. A. Teplitskaya, and T. A. Alekseeva, Background Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1988) [in Russian].
N. I. Tonkopii, G. E. Shestopalova, and V. Ya. Rozanova, “Some Factors Determining the Degradation of Benz[a]pyrene in the Soil,” in Carcinogenic Substances in the Environment (Moscow, 1979), pp. 65–68 [in Russian].
S. S. Chernyanskii, Yu. V. Volosatova, and A. A. Krasnopeeva, “Formation Features of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Anomalies in the Soil Cover,” Vest. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5: Geogr., No. 2, 31–37 (2007).
A. I. Shilina, L. V. Vaneeva, and A. V. Zhuravleva, “Lifetime of Benz[a]pyrene in the Soil at the Introduction with Soil Dust Particles,” in Migration of Pollutants in Soils and Adjacent Environments (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1980), pp. 100–105 [in Russian].
Ecogeochemistry of Urban Landscapes, Ed. by N. S. Kasimov (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1995) [in Russian].
S. Azimi, V. Rocher, M. Muller, et al., “Sources, Distribution, and Variability of Hydrocarbons and Metals in Atmospheric Deposition in an Urban Area (Paris, France),” Sci. Total Environ. 337, 223–239 (2005).
P. Baumard, H. Budzinski, Q. Michon, et al., “Origin and Bioavailability of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea from Mussel and Sediment,” Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 47, 77–90 (1998).
Q. W. Bu, Z. H. Zhang, S. Lu, and F. P. He, “Vertical Distribution and Environmental Significance of PAHs in Soil Profiles in Bejing, China,” Environ. Geochem. Health 31, 119–131 (2008).
J. Dai, S. Li, Y. Zhang, et al., “Distributions, Sources, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Topsoil at Ji’nan City, China,” Environ. Monit. Assess. 147, 317–326 (2008).
R. M. Dickhut, E. A. Canuel, K. E. Gustafson, et al., “Automotive Sources of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Particulate Matter in the Chesapeake Bay Region,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 4635–4640 (2000).
H. E. Fengpeng, Z. Zhang, Y. Wan, et al., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of Beijing and Tianjin Region: Vertical Distribution, Correlation with TOC, and Transport Mechanism,” J. Environ. Sci. 21, 675–685 (2009).
M. Howsam, K. C. Jones, and P. Ineson, “Dynamics of PAH Deposition, Cycling, and Storage in the Mixed Deciduous (Quercus-Fraxinus) Woodland Ecosystem,” Environ. Pollut. 113, 163–176 (2001).
Y.-F. Jiang, X.-T. Wang, F. Wang, et al., “Levels, Composition Profiles, and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soil of Shanghai, China,” Chemosphere 75, 1112–1118 (2009).
A. R. Johnsen and U. Karlson, “Diffuse PAH Contamination of Surface Soils: Environmental Occurrence, Bioavailability, and Microbial Degradation,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76, 533–543 (2007).
N. R. Khalili, P. A. Scheff, and T. M. Holsen, “PAH Source Fingerprints for Coke Ovens, Diesel and Gasoline Engines, Highway Tunnels, and Wood Combustion Emissions,” Atmos. Environ. 29, 533–542 (1995).
Y. Liu, L. Chen, J. Zhao, et al., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Surface Soil of Shanghai, China: Concentrations, Distribution, and Sources,” Org. Geochem. 41(4), 355–362 (2010).
L. Ma, S. Chu, H. Cheng, et al., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Subsoil from Outskirts of Beijing, People’s Republic of China,” Geoderma, 129, 200–210 (2005).
B. Mai, S. Qi, E. Y. Zeng, et al., “Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Coastal Region of Macao, China: Assessment of Input Sources and Transport Pathways Using Compositional Analysis,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 4855–4863 (2003).
H. M. Malcolm and S. Dobson, The Calculation of an Environmental Assessment Level (EAL) for Atmospheric PAHs Using Relative Potencies (Department of the Environment, London, 1994), pp. 34–46.
E. Morillo, A. S. Romero, L. Madrid, et al., “Characterization and Sources of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Environments of Sevilla (Southern Spain),” Water Air Soil Pollut. 187, 41–51 (2008).
E. Morillo, A. S. Romero, C. Maqueda, et al., “Soil Pollution by PAHs in Urban Soils: a Comparison of Three European Cities,” J. Envir. Monit. 9, 1001–1008 (2007).
A. Motelay-Massei, D. Ollivon, B. Garban, et al., “Distribution and Spatial Trends of PAHs and PCBs in Soils in the Seine River Basin, France,” Chemosphere 55, 555–565 (2004).
W. F. Rogge, L. M. Hildemann, M. A. Mazurek, and G. R. Cass, “Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 3. Road Dust, Tire Debris, and Organometallic Brake Lining Dust: Roads as Sources and Sinks,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1892–1904 (1993).
H. H. Soclo, P. Garrigues, and M. Ewald, “Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Coastal Marin Sediments: Case Studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) Areas,” Marine Pollut. Bull. 40, 387–396 (2000).
D.-G. Wang, M. Yang, H.-L. Jia, et al., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Street Dust and Surface Soil: Comparisons of Concentration, Profile, and Source,” Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56, 173–180 (2009).
G. Wang, H. W. Mielke, V. Quach, et al., “Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Trace Metals in New Orleans Soils and Sediments,” Soil Sedim. Contam. 13, 313–327 (2004).
K. Wang, Y. Shen, S. Zhang, et al., “Application of Spatial Analysis and Multivariate Analysis Techniques in Distribution and Source Study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil of Bejing, China,” Environ. Geol. 56, 1041–1050 (2009).
W. Wilcke, M. Krauss, G. Safronov, et al., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils of the Moscow Region: Concentrations, Temporal Trends, and Small-Scale Distribution,” J. Environ. Qual. 34(5), 1581–1590 (2005).
M. B. Yunker, R. W. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, et al., “PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: a Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as Indicators of PAH Source and Composition,” Org. Geochem. 33, 489–515 (2002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © E.M. Nikiforova, N.E. Kosheleva, 2011, published in Pochvovedenie, 2011, No. 9, pp. 1114–1127.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nikiforova, E.M., Kosheleva, N.E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils (Moscow, Eastern District). Eurasian Soil Sc. 44, 1018–1030 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229311090092
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229311090092