Abstract
This review starts from a brief historical account devoted to the principles of the Bach-Engler peroxidation theory and experiments and ideas which led A. N. Bach to its creation. Then, the discovery of photodynamic action is described, which was shown to result from pigment photosensitized activation of molecular oxygen. The dramatic history of mechanistic studies of oxygen photoactivation is reviewed starting from the Bach-Engler peroxidation theory to the hypothesis of moloxide, discovery of singlet oxygen and free radicals and, then, to modern views on the primary photoactivation processes. The origin of widely used division of photodynamic processes into type I and type II and the relation of these processes to the nature of the primary photochemical reactions of photosensitizers are discussed. New definitions of these reactions are proposed on the basis of the mechanisms of oxygen photoactivation. Photographs of the scientists who greatly contributed to the development of this field of research are presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shonbein, C. F. (1845) Poggend. Ann., 65, 196–199.
Bach, A. N. (1897) Zh. Rus. Fiz.-Khim. Ob-va, 29, 373–398.
Bach, A. N. (1897) Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci., 124, 951–967.
Engler, C., and Wild, W. (1897) Ber. Dt. Chem. Ges., 30, 1669–1681.
Bach, A. N. (1893) Moniteur Scientifique, 7, 669.
Bach, A. N. (1894) Moniteur Scientifique, 8, 241.
Mehler, A. H. (1951) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 33, 65–89.
Raab, O. (1900) Z. Biol. (Muenich), 39, 524–546.
Tappeiner, H. (1900) Muench. Med. Wochenschr., 47, 5–7.
Tappeiner, H., and Jodlbauer, A. (1904) Deut. Arch. Klin. Med., 80, 427–487.
Straub, W. (1904) Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol., 51, 383–390.
Clare, N. T. (1956) in Radiation Biology (Hollaender, A., ed.) McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York-Toronto-London, pp. 693–723.
Blum, H. F. (1964) Photodynamic Action and Diseases Caused by Light, Hafner Publishing Company, N. Y.
Spikes, J. D. (1985) in Primary Photoprocesses in Biology and Medicine (Bensasson, R. V., Jori, G., Land, E. J., and Truscott, T. G., eds.) Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 209–227.
Moan, J., and Peng, Q. (2003) Anticancer Res., 23, 3591–3600.
Vladimirov, Y. A., Osipov, A. N., and Klebanov, G. I. (2004) Biochemistry (Moscow), 69, 81–90.
Karu, T. (2001) Uspekhi Sovrem. Biol., 121, 110–120.
Frizsche, M. (1867) Compt. Rend., 64, 1035–1037.
Moureau, C., Duffraisse, C., and Dean, P. M. (1926) Comp. Rend., 182, 1584–1587.
Schonberg, A. (1935) Liebigs Ann. Chem. B., 518, S299–302.
Mulliken, R. S. (1928) Nature, 122, 505.
Mulliken, R. S. (1928) Phys. Rev., 32, 880–887.
Wollaston, W. H. (1802) Phil. Trans. II, 365–380.
Fraunhofer, J. (1814–1815) Denkshriften der Munch. Akad. Wiss., 5, 193–226.
Kirchhoff, G. R. (1862) Untersuchungen uber das Sonenspektrum und die Spektern der chemischen Elemente, Dummler, Berlin.
Ellis, J. M., and Kneser, H. O. (1933) Z. Physik., 86, 583–591.
Herzberg, G. (1934) Nature, 133, 759.
Minaev, B. F., and Tikhomirov, V. A. (1984) Zh. Fiz. Khim., 58, 646–652.
Kasha, M. (1985) in Singlet O 2, Vol. 1 (Frimer, A. A., ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 1–11.
Kautsky, H., and de Bruin, H. (1931) Naturwiss., 19, 1043.
Kautsky, H., de Bruin, H., Neuwirtch, R., and Baumeister, W. (1933) Chem. Ber., 66, 1588–1600.
Kautsky, H. (1939) Trans. Farad. Soc., 35, 216–219.
Schenck, G. O. (1970) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 171, 67–77.
Pryor, W. A. (1979) in Free Radicals in Biology, Vol. 1 (Pryor, W. A., ed.) [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow, pp. 13–87.
Backstrom, L. I. (1934) Z. Physik. Chem., Abt. B, 25, 99–138.
Weiss, J. (1935) Naturwiss., 34, 610.
Franck, J., and Livingston, R. (1941) J. Chem. Phys., 9, 184–190.
Zavoyskii, E. K. (1945) Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., 15, 245.
Norrish, R. G., and Porter, G. (1949) Nature, 167, 658–671.
Porter, G. (1950) Proc. Roy. Soc., A200, 284–300.
Jablonski, A. (1935) Z. Physik, 94, 38–46.
Terenin, A. N. (1943) Acta Phisicochim. (USSR), 18, 210–241.
Terenin, A. N. (1944) Zh. Fiz. Khim., 17, 1–12.
Lewis, G. N., and Kasha, M. (1944) J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 66, 2100–2116.
Terenin, A. N. (1947) Photochemistry of Dyes [in Russian], USSR Academy of Sciences Publisher, Moscow-Leningrad.
Schenck, G. O. (1948) Naturwis., 35, 28–29.
Duffraisse, C., and Ecary, S. (1946) Compt. Rend., 223, 735–737.
Rabinowitch, E. I. (1951) Photosynthesis and Related Process, Vol. 2, Pt. 1, Interscience Publishing Inc., N. Y.
Schenck, G. O. (1951) Z. Electrochem., 55, 505–611.
Schenck, G. O., and Koch, E. (1960) Z. Electrochem., 64, 170–177.
Schenck, G. O. (1963) Ind. Eng. Chem., 55, 40–43.
Gollnick, K., and Schenck, G. O. (1964) Pure Appl. Chem., 9, 507–525.
Bowen, E. J. (1953) Dissc. Farad. Soc., 14, 143–146.
Kaplan, J. (1947) Phys. Rev., 71, 274.
Vallance-Jones, A., and Harrison, A. W. (1958) J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys., 13, 45–60.
Noxon, J. F. (1961) Can. J. Phys., 39, 1110–1119.
Noxon, J. F., and Vallance-Jones, A. (1962) Nature, 196, 157–158.
Khan, A. U., and Kasha, M. (1970) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 92, 3293–3300.
Khan, A. U. (1985) in Singlet O 2, Vol. 1 (Frimer, A. A., ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 39–176.
Foote, C. S., and Wexler, S. (1964) J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 86, 3879–3880.
Foote, C. S., and Wexler, S. (1964) J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 86, 3880–3881.
Corey, E. J., and Taylor, W. C. (1964) J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 86, 3881–3882.
Foote, C. S., Denny, R. W., Weaver, L., Chang, Y., and Peters, J. (1970) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 171, 139–148.
Evans, D. F. (1969) Chem. Comm., 367–368.
Matheson, I. B. C., and Lee, J. (1970) Chem. Phys. Lett., 7, 475–476.
Snelling, D. R. (1968) Chem. Phys. Lett., 2, 346–348.
Kearns, D. R., Khan, A. U., Duncan, C. K., and Maki, A. H. (1969) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91, 1038–1040.
Wasserman, E., Kuck, V. J., Delavan, W. M., and Yager, W. A. (1969) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91, 1040–1041.
Andrews, L. J., and Abrahamson, E. W. (1971) Chem. Phys. Lett., 10, 113–116.
Duncan, K., and Kearns, D. R. (1971) J. Chem. Phys., 55, 5822–5823.
Matheson, I. B. C., Lee, J., Yamanashi, B. S., and Wolbrast, M. L. (1974) Chem. Phys. Lett., 27, 355.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1976) Biofizika, 21, 748–749.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1977) Biofizika, 22, 927–928.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1977) Acta Phys. Chem. (Szeged University), 23, 147–154.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1978) Izv. AN SSSR. Ser. Fiz., 41, 343–348.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., and Kagan, V. E. (1978) Dokl. AN SSSR, 242, 229–232.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., and Venediktov, E. A. (1978) Biofizika, 23, 387–389.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1979) Photochem. Photobiol., 29, 29–36.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., and Kagan, V. E. (1979) FEBS Lett., 108, 152–154.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1979) Biofizika, 24, 747–748.
Venediktov, E. A., and Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1979) Izv. Vuzov. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 22, 395–398.
Salokhiddinov, K. I., Byteva, I. M., and Dzhagarov, B. M. (1979) Optika Spektr., 47, 881–886.
Byteva, I. V., and Gurinovich, G. P. (1979) J. Luminesc., 21, 17–20.
Khan, A. U., and Kasha, M. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 6047–6049.
Butorina, D. N., Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., and Prieszev, A. V. (2003) Biofizika, 48, 201–209.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1990) in Advances in Science and Technology. Modern Problems of Laser Physics, Vol. 3 (Akhmanov, S. A., and Chernyaeva, V. B., eds.) [in Russian], VINITI, Moscow, pp. 63–135.
Egorov, S. Yu., and Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1990) SPIE Proc., 1403, 611–621.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1991) in Light in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (Douglas, R. H., Moan, J., and Ronto, G., eds.) Plenum Press, N. Y.-London, pp. 437–452.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1993) Proc. SPIE, 1887, 177–186.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (1998) Membr. Cell Biol., 12, 665–660.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (2001) in Progress in Porphyrin Chemistry (Golubchikov, O. A., ed.) [in Russian], Vol. 3, NII Khimii SpbGU Publisher, St. Petersburg, pp. 191–216.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr. (2004) Biofizika, 49, 305–322.
Terenin, A. N., and Ermolaev, V. L. (1952) Dokl. AN SSSR, 85, 547–550.
Dexter, D. L. (1953) J. Chem. Phys., 21, 8365–850.
Terenin, A. N. (1967) Photonics of Dye Molecules [in Russian], Nauka, Leningrad.
Ermolaev, V. L., Bodunov, E. N., Sveshnikova, E. V., and Shakhverdov, T. A. (1977) Non-radiative Energy Transfer of Electronic Excitation [in Russian], Nauka, Leningrad.
Dzhagarov, B. M., Sagun, E. I., Ganza, V. A., and Gurinovich, G. P. (1987) Khim. Fiz., 6, 919–928.
Schweitzer, C., and Schmidt, R. (2003) Chem. Rev., 103, 1685–1757.
Schmidt, R. (2006) Photochem. Photobiol., 82, 1161–1177.
Schmidt, R., and Bodeshein, M. (1994) J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2874–2876.
Chou, P. T., Wei, G.-T., Lin, C.-H., Wei, C.-Y., and Chang, C.-H. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 3031–3032.
Bachilo, S. M., Nichiporovich, I. N., and Losev, A. P. (1998) Zh. Prikl. Spektr., 65, 811–814.
Scurlock, R. D., Wang, B., and Ogilby, P. R. (1996) J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 118, 388–392.
Bodesheim, M., and Schmidt, R. J. (1997) J. Phys. Chem., 101, 5672–5677.
Davidson, J., and Ogryzlo, E. A. (1973) in Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence (Hercules, D. M., and Lee, J., eds.) Plenum Press, N. Y., pp. 111–126.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., and Neverov, K. V. (1990) Chem. Phys. Lett., 167, 591–597.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., and Neverov, K. V. (1993) Proc. SPIE, 1890, 56–61.
Chou, P.-T., Chen, Y.-C., Wei, C.-Y., and Lee, M.-Z. (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 4883–4884.
Khan, A. U. (1980) Chem. Phys. Lett., 72, 112–114.
Salokhiddinov, K. I., Dzhagarov, B. M., Byteva, I. M., and Gurinovich, G. P. (1980) Chem. Phys. Lett., 76, 85–87.
Karotki, A., Kruk, M., Drobishev, M., Rebane, A., Nickel, E., and Spangler, C. W. (2001) IEEE J. Selected Topics Quantum Electronics, 7, 971–975.
Drobizhev, M., Karotki, A., Kruk, M., and Rebane, A. (2002) Chem. Phys. Lett., 355, 175–182.
He, G. S., Lin, T.-C., Dai, J., Prasad, P. N., Kannan, R., Dombroskie, A. G., Vaia, R. A., and Tan, L.-S. (2004) J. Chem. Phys., 120, 5275–5284.
He, G., and Prasad, P. S. (2003) Proc. SPIE, 5211, 1–12.
Matheson, I. B. C. (1979) Photochem. Photobiol., 29, 875–878.
Matheson, I. B. C., and Lee, J. (1979) Photochem. Photobiol., 29, 879–881.
Ambartzumian, R. V. (1987) Proc. SPIE, 701, 341–343.
Zakharov, S. D., and Ivanov, A. V. (1999) Kvant. Elektron., 29, 1031–1053.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., Drozdova, N. N., Ivanov, A. V., and Ambartzumian, R. V. (2003) Biochemistry (Moscow), 68, 963–966.
Krasnovsky, A. A, Jr., and Ambartzumian, R. V. (2004) Chem. Phys. Lett., 400, 531–535.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., Drozdova, N. N., Roumbal, Ya. V., Ivanov, A. V., and Ambartzumian, R. V. (2005) Chinese Opt. Lett., 3S, 1–4.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., Roumbal, Ya. V., Ivanov, A. V., and Ambartzumian, R. V. (2006) Chem. Phys. Lett., 430, 260–264.
Krasnovsky, A. A., Jr., Kryukov, I. V., and Sharkov, A. V. (2007) Proc. SPIE, 6535, Q1–Q5.
Briviba, K., Klotz, L. O., and Sies, H. (1997) Biol. Chem., 378, 1259–1265.
Klotz, L. O. (2002) Biol. Chem., 383, 443–456.
Klotz, L. O., Kronke, K.-D., and Sies, H. (2003) Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2, 88–94.
Antony, R. J., Warczak, K. L., and Donohue, T. J. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 6502–6507.
Zakharov, S. D., Ivanov, A. V., Volf, E. V., Danilov, T. M., et al. (2003) Kvant. Elektron., 33, 149–162.
Wurmser, R. (1935) Biological Oxidation and Reduction [Russian translation], ONTI, Main Editorial Office of Chemical Literature, Moscow.
Krasnovsky, A. A. (1948) Dokl. AN SSSR, 60, 421–424.
Krasnovsky, A. A. (1960) Uspekhi Khim., 29, 736–759.
Krasnovsky, A. A. (1960) Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 11, 363–410.
Krasnovsky, A. A. (1965) Photochem. Photobiol., 4, 661–665.
Seely, G. R. (1977) in Primary Processes of Photosynthesis (Barber, J., ed.) Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 2–52.
Chibisov, A. K. (1969) Photochem. Photobiol., 10, 331–347.
Semenov, N. N. (1934) Chain Reactions [in Russian], Goskhimizdat, Moscow.
Russell, G. A. (1975) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97, 3871–3877.
Vladimirov, Yu. A., Olenev, V. I., Suslova, T. V., and Cheremisina, Z. V. (1980) Adv. Lipid Res., 17, 173–249.
Fedorova, G. F., Trofimov, A. V., Vasil’ev, R. F., and Veprintsev, T. L. (2007) ARKIVOS, 8, 163–215.
Adam, W., Kazakov, D. V., and Kazakov, V. P. (2005) Chem. Rev., 105, 3371.
Krinsky, N. I. (1984) in Oxygen Radicals in Chemistry and Biology (Bors, W., Sarah, M., and Tait, D., eds.) Walter de Gruyter Co., Berlin, pp. 453–464.
Kanofsky, J. R. (1986) J. Org. Chem., 51, 3386–3388.
Kanofsky, J. R. (1989) Chem.-Biol. Interactions, 70, 1–28.
Kanofsky, J. R. (2000) in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 319 (Paker, L., and Sies, H., eds.) pp. 59–67.
Foote, C. S. (1976) in Free Radicals in Biology, Vol. 2 (Pryor, W. A., ed.) Academic Press, N. Y., pp. 85–133.
Foote, C. S. (1979) in Singlet Oxygen (Wasserman, H. H., and Murray, R. W., eds.) Academic Press, N. Y., pp. 139–171.
Howard, J. A., and Ingold, K. U. (1968) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 1056–1058.
Jason Niu, Q., and Mendenhall, G. D. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 165–172.
Khan, A. U., and Kasha, M. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 12362–12364.
Aubry, J. M. (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 107, 5844–5848.
Buhme, K., and Brauer, H.-D. (1992) Inorg. Chem., 31, 3468–3471.
Kovalev, Y. V., Moiseeva, N. I., Minin, V. V., Larin, G. M., Krasnovsky, A. A., Gehman, A. E., and Moiseev, I. I. (2001) Dokl. AN SSSR, 381, 74–77.
Nardello, V., Briviba, K., Sies, H., and Aubry, J. M. (1998) Chem. Comm., 5, 599–600.
Foote, C. S. (1991) Photochem. Photobiol., 54, 659.
Chissov, V. I., Sokolov, V. V., and Filonenko, E. V. (1998) Ros. Khim. Zh., 62, 5–9.
Weishaupt, R., Gomer, J., and Dougherty, T. J. (1993) J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85, 443–456.
Stranadko, E. F., and Ivanov, A. V. (2004) Biofizika, 49, 380–383.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 72, No. 10, pp. 1311–1329.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Krasnovsky, A.A. Primary mechanisms of photoactivation of molecular oxygen. History of development and the modern status of research. Biochemistry Moscow 72, 1065–1080 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297907100057
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297907100057