Abstract
Swelling deformations leading to convergence of tunnels may result in significant difficulties during the construction, in particular for long term use of tunnels. By extracting an experimental based explicit analytical solution for formulating swelling strains as a function of time and stress, swelling strains are predicted from the beginning of excavation and during the service life of tunnel. Results obtained from the analytical model show a proper agreement with experimental results. This closed-form solution has been implemented within a numerical program using the finite element method for predicting time-dependent swelling strain around tunnels. Evaluating effects of swelling parameters on time-dependent strains and tunnel shape on swelling behavior around the tunnel according to this analytical solution is considered. The ground-support interaction and consequent swelling effect on the induced forces in tunnel lining is considered too. Effect of delay in lining installation on swelling pressure which acting on the lining and its structural integrity, is also evaluated. A MATLAB code of “SRAP” is prepared and applied to calculate all swelling analysis around tunnels based on analytical solution.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Anagnostou, E. Pimentel, and K. Serafeimidis, “Swelling of sulphatic claystones-some fundamental questions and their practical relevance,” Geomech. Tunnelling 3, 567–572 (2010).
ANSYS Ver. 15.0. User’s Manual (ANSYS Inc., 2013).
M. Barla, Ph. D. Thesis, (Politecnico di Torino, Turin, 1999).
K.J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982).
I. Berdugo, E. Alonso, E. Romero, A. Gens, and M. Albis, “A review of expansive phenomena in Wagenburg North Tunnel,” Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Exactas, Fis. Nat. 33, 455–468 (2009).
M. Bonini, M. Barla, and G. Barla, “FLAC applications to the analysis of swelling behavior in tunnels,” 2nd FLAC Symposium on Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics, Lyon, France, 2001 (Balkema, Lisse, 2001), pp. 29–31.
H.H. Einstein, N. Bischoff, and E. Hofmann, “Verhalten von Stollensohlen in quellendem Mergel,” in Berichte, Internationales Symposium für Untertagebau, Luzern, Switzerland, 1972 (1972), pp. 296–319.
H. Einstein, “Comments and recommendations on design and analysis procedures for structures in argillaceous swelling rock,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. 31, 535–546 (1994).
A. Fahimifar and D. Parsapour, “Analytical model for prediction of strains for tunneling in swelling grounds,” in GeoFlorida 2010: Advances in Analysis, Modeling and Design, West Palm Beach, USA, 2010 (Curran Assoc., Inc., Red Hook, NY, 2010), Vol. 1, pp. 370–380.
H. Grob, “Schwelldruck im Belechtunnel,” in Berichte, Internationales Symposium für Untertagebau, Luzern, Switzerland, 1972 (1972), pp. 99–119.
B.C. Hawlader, Y.N. Lee, and K. Y. Lo, “Threedimensional stress effects on time-dependent swelling behaviour of shaly rocks,” Can. Geotech. J. 40, 501–511 (2003).
B.C. Hawlader, K.Y. Lo, and I.D. Moore, “Analysis of tunnels in shaly rock considering three-dimensional stress effects on swelling,” Can. Geotech. J. 42, 1–12 (2005).
A. Hefny, K. Y. Lo, and J. A. Huang, “Modelling of long-term time dependent deformation and stress dependency of Queenston Shale,” Can. Tunnelling J., 115–146 (1996).
J. Huder and G. Amberg, “Quellung in Mergel, Opalinuston und Anhydrit,” in Vol. 88 of Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Jahrgang Heft 43 (1970), pp. 975–980.
J.R. Kiehl, “Ein dreidimensionales Quellgesetz und seine Anwendung auf den Felshohlraumbau,” Proceedings of the 9th National Felsmechanik Symposium, Aachen, Germany, 1990, pp. 185–207.
K.Y. Lo and C.M. K. Yuen, “Design of tunnel lining in rock for long-term time effects,” Can. Geotech. J. 18, 24–39 (1981).
K.Y. Lo and A. Hefny, “Design of tunnels in rock with long term time-dependent and nonlinearly stressdependent deformation,” Can. Tunneling, 179–213 (1996).
F.T. Madsen, “Suggested methods for laboratory testing of swelling rocks,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. 36, 291–306 (1999)
MATLAB R2013a Ver. 8.1.0. User’s Manual (Mathworks Inc., 2013).
K. Serafeimidis and G. Anagnostou, “On the timedevelopment of sulphate hydration in anhydritic swelling rocks,” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 46, 619–634 (2013).
S.B. Tang and C. A. Tang, “Numerical studies on tunnel floor heave in swelling ground under humid conditions,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 55, p. 139–150 (2012).
M.R. Vergara, K. Balthasar, and T. Triantafyllidis, “Comparison of experimental results in a testing device for swelling rocks,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. 66, 177–180 (2014).
W. Wittke and B. Pierau, “Fundamentals for the design and construction of tunnels in swelling rock,” in Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Rock Mechanics, Montreux, Switzerland, 1979 (Balkema, Rotterdam, 1979), Vol. 2, pp. 719–729.
P. Wittke-Gattermann, “Verfahren zur Berechnung von Tunnels in quellfähigem Gebirge und Kalibrierung an einem Versuchsbauwerk,” in Geotechnik in Forschung und Praxis (Glückauf, Essen, 1998), pp. 22–31.
D. Zwillinger, Handbook of Differential Equations (Academic Press, Boston, 1997).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Parsapour, D., Fahimifar, A. Prediction of swelling rocks strain in tunneling. Geotecton. 50, 336–346 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852116030092
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852116030092