Abstract
Conditions for obtaining the active biomass of Ochrobactrum anthropi GPK 3 and Achromobacter sp. Kg 16, bacteria which are able to degrade the herbicide glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine), were investigated. In the batch culture, degradation was most effective in the medium with pH 6.0–7.0 and aeration at 10–60% of air saturation supplemented with glutamate and ammonium chloride as sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Due to the adaptation of the cells and induction of the relevant enzymatic systems, the inoculum grown in the presence of glyphosate exhibited 1.5–2-fold higher efficiency of xenobiotic degradation than that grown with other sources of phosphorus (orthophosphate and methylphosphonic acid). The efficiency of the toxicant decomposition increased with an increase in a specific load of glyphosate, which the cells were subjected to during the initial stage of growth. The specific load was regulated both by the initial cell concentration and the concentration of the phosphorus source, and the effect was probably determined by its availability to microorganisms. Storage of the liquid biopreparation as a paste with stabilizers (ascorbate, thiourea, and glutamate) at room temperature for 50 days resulted in high level of bacteria viability and a degrading activity approximately equal to that obtained when the bacteria were maintained on the agar medium containing glyphosate at 4°C with monthly transfers to the fresh culture medium.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ternan, N.G., McGrath, J.W., McMullan, G., and Quinn, J.P., Organophosphonates: Occurrence, Synthesis and Biodegradation by Microorganisms, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 1998, vol. 14, pp. 635–647.
Mamy, L. and Barriuso, E., Glyphosate Adsorption in Soils Compared to Herbicides Replaced with the Introduction of Glyphosate Resistant Crops, Chemosphere, 2005, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 844–855.
Freedman, L.D. and Doak, G.O., The Preparation and Properties of Phosphonic Acids, Chem. Rev., 1957, vol. 57, pp. 479–523.
Murai, C. and Tomizawa, C., Chemical Transformation of S-Benzyl O-Ethyl Phenylphosphonothiolate (Inezin) by Ultraviolet Light, J. Environ. Sci. Health, 1976, vol. 11, pp. 185–197.
Schowanek, D. and Verstraete, W., Phosphonate Utilization by Bacterial and Enrichments from Environmental Samples, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1990, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 895–903.
Kononova, S.V. and Nesmeyanova, M.A., Phosphonates and Their Degradation by Microorganisms, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2002, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 184–195.
Ermakova, I.T, Shushkova, T.V., and Leont’evskii, A.A., Microbial Degradation of Organophosphonates by Soil Bacteria, Microbiology, 2008, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 615–620.
Jacob, G.S., Garbow, J.R., Hallas, L.E., Kimak, N.M., Kishore, G.M., and Schaefer, J., Metabolism of Glyphosate in Pseudomonas sp. Strain LBr, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1988, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 2953–2958.
Ermakova, I.T., Kiseleva, N.I., Shushkova, T., Zharikov, M., Zharikov, G.A., and Leontievsky, A.A., Bioremediation of Glyphosate-Contaminated Soils, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2010, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 585–594.
Wackett, L.P., Shame, S.L., Venditti, C.P., and Walsh, C.T., Bacterial Carbon-Phosphorus Lyase: Products, Rates, and Regulation of Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acid Metabolism, J. Bacteriol., 1987, vol. 169, no. 2, pp. 710–717.
McGrath, J.W., Ternan, N.G., and Quinn, J.P. Utilization of Organophosphonates by Environmental Microorganisms, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 1997, vol. 24, pp. 69–73.
Quinn, J.P., Peden, J.M.M., and Dick, R.E., Carbon-Phosphorus Bond Cleavage by Gram Positive Soil Bacteria, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 1989, vol. 31, pp. 283–287.
Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W., and Lipman, D.J., Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, J. Mol. Biol., 1990, vol. 215, pp. 403–410.
Hess, H.H. and Derr, J.E., Assay of Inorganic and Organic Phosphorous in the 0.1–0.5 Nanomole Range, Anal. Biochem., 1975, vol. 63, pp. 607–613.
Matys, S.V., Laurinavichyus, K.S, and Nesmeyanova, M.A., Degradation of Methyl Phosphonic Acid and Its Physiological Regulation in Escherichia coli, Microbiology, 1996, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 421–426.
Lebuhn, M., Achouak, W., Schloter, M., Berge, O., Meier, H., Barakat, M., Hartmann, A., and Heulin, T., Taxonomic Characterization of Ochrobactrum sp. Isolates from Soil Samples and Wheat Roots, and Description of Ochrobactrum tritici sp. nov. and Ochrobactrum grignonense sp. nov, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 50, pp. 2207–2223.
Coenye, T., Vancanneyt, M, Falsen, E., Swings, J., and Vandamme, P., Achromobacter insolitus sp. nov. and Achromobacter spanius sp. nov. from Human Clinical Samples, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Micobiol., 2003, vol. 53, pp. 1819–1824.
Pipke, R. and Amrhein, N, Isolation and Characterization of a Mutant of Arthrobacter sp. GLP-1 Which Utilizes Herbicide Glyphosate as Its Sole Source of Phosphorus and Nitrogen, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1988, vol. 54, pp. 2868–2870.
Shkidchenko, A.N., Growth Limitation of a Chemostat Culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Carbon and Nitrogen Sources, Mikrobiologiya, 1984, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 58–62.
Ermakova, I.T., Tikhonova, E.B., Slepen’kin, A.V., Kashparov, K.I., Starovoitov, I.M., and Boronin, A.M., The Bioutilization of Thiodiglycol (a Detoxication Product of Mustard Gas): Isolation of Degrading Strains and Investigation of Degradation Conditions Microbiology, 2002, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 211–216.
Matys, S.V., Methylphosphonate Degradation by E. coli: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Pushchino: Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russ. Acad. Sci., 2003.
Chugunov, V.A., Ermolenko, Z.M., Zhigletsova, S.K., Martovetskaya N.I., Mironova R.I., Zhirkova NA., Kholodenko V.P., and Urakov N.N., Development and Application of a Liquid Preparation with Oil-Oxidizing Bacteria, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol., 2000, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 577–581.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © T.V. Shushkova, I.T. Ermakova, A.V. Sviridov, A.A. Leontievsky, 2012, published in Mikrobiologiya, 2012, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 48–55.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shushkova, T.V., Ermakova, I.T., Sviridov, A.V. et al. Biodegradation of glyphosate by soil bacteria: Optimization of cultivation and the method for active biomass storage. Microbiology 81, 44–50 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261712010134
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261712010134