Abstract
The kinetics of change in the dynamic and structural viscosity of a number of silica sols based on tetraethoxysilane, including sols doped with aluminum and cobalt nitrates, is investigated. The results obtained are analyzed in the framework of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. It is revealed that structural forces make a considerable contribution to the stability and structuring processes in these systems. The structuring in a rapidly gelating homogeneous heterophase dispersion formed by finely dispersed α-Al2O3 particles in the silica sol doped with aluminum and cobalt nitrates is examined, and the assumptions regarding the mechanism of the structuring processes occurring in this system are made.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brinker, C.J. and Scherer, G.W., Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, San Diego: Academic, 1990.
Mackenzie, J., Sol-Gel Researches-Achievements since 1981 and Prospects for the Future, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 2003, vol. 26, nos. 1–3, pp. 23–27.
Wenzel, J., Trends in Sol-Gel Processing: Toward 2004, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1985, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 693–699.
Dislich, H., Sol-Gel: Science, Processes and Products, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1986, vol. 80, nos. 1–3, pp. 115–121.
Ulrich, D., Prospects of Sol-Gel Processes, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1988, vol. 100, nos. 1–3, pp. 174–193.
Macknezie, J., Applications of the Sol-Gel Process, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1988, vol. 100, nos. 1–3, pp. 162–168.
Sakka, S., The Current State of Sol-Gel Technology, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 1994, vol. 3, nos. 1–3, pp. 69–81.
Brinker, C.J., Keefer, K.D., Schaefer, D.W., and Ashley, C.S., Sol-Gel Transition in Simple Silicates, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1982, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 47–64.
Sakka, S. and Kamiya, K., The Sol-Gel Transition in the Hydrolysis of Metal Alkoxides in Relation to the Formation of Glass Fibers and Films, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1982, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 31–46.
Strawbridge, I., Craievich, A.F., and James, P.F., The Effect of the H2O/TEOS Ratio on the Structure of Gels Derives by the Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Tetraethoxysilane, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1985, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 139–157.
Pope, E.J.A. and Mackenzie, J.D., Sol-Gel Processing of Silica: II. The Role of the Catalyst, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1986, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 185–198.
Yoldas, B.E., Hydrolytic Polycondensation of Si(OC2H5)4 and Effect of Reaction Parameters, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1986, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 375–390.
Brinker, C.J., Hydrolysis and Condensation of Silicates: Effects on Structure, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1988, vol. 100, nos. 1–3, pp. 31–50.
Sacks, M.D. and Sheu, R.-S., Rheological Properties of Silica Sol-Gel Materials, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1987, vol. 92, nos. 1–3, pp. 383–396.
Kozuka, H., Kuroki, H., and Sakka, S., Flow Characteristics and Spinnability of Sols Prepared from Silicon Alkoxide Solution, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1988, vol. 100, nos. 1–3, pp. 226–230.
Sakka, S. and Kozuka, H., Rheology of Sols and Fiber Drawing, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1988, vol. 100, nos. 1–3, pp. 142–153.
Kinouchi Filho, O. and Aegerter, M.A., Rheology of the Gelation Process of Silica Gel, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1988, vol. 105, no. 3, pp. 191–197.
Sakka, S., Kozuka, H., and Adachi, T., Stability of Solutions, Gels and Glasses in the Sol-Gel Glass Synthesis, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1988, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 253–268.
Xu, R., Pope, E.J.A., and Mackenzie, J.D., Structural Evolution of Sol-Gel Systems through Viscosity Measurement, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1988, vol. 106, nos. 1–3, pp. 242–245.
Bailey, J.K., Nagase, T., Broberg, S.M., and Mecartney, M.L., Microstructural Evolution and Rheological Behavior during the Gelation of Ceramic Sols, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1989, vol. 109, nos. 1–3, pp. 198–210.
Shin, D.-Y. and Han, S.-M., Spinnability and Rheological Properties of Sols Derived from Si(OC2H5)4 and Zr(O-nC3H7)4 Solutions, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 1994, vol. 1, nos. 1–3, pp. 267–273.
Bagnall, C.M., Howarth, L.G., and James, P.F., Modelling of Aggregation Kinetics of Colloidal Silica Particles, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1990, vol. 121, nos. 1–3, pp. 56–60.
Shabanova, N.A. and Sarkisov, P.D., Osnovy zol’-gel’ tekhnologii nanodispersnogo kremnezema (Principles of Sol-Gel Technology of Nanodispersed Silica), Moscow: Akademkniga, 2004.
Borisenko, A.I. and Nikolaeva, L.V., Tonkie stekloemalevye i steklokeramicheskie pokrytiya (Thin Glass-Enamel and Glass-Ceramic Coatings), Leningrad: Nauka, 1980.
Golikova, E.V., Ioganson, O.M., Fedorova, T.G., and Chernoberezhskii, Yu.M., Electrosurface Properties and Aggregation Stability of Aqueous Dispersions of α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3, and γ-AlOOH, Poverkhnost, 1995, no. 9, pp. 78–89.
Grigorov, O.N., Karpova, I.F., Koz’mina, Z.P., Tikhomolova, K.P., Fridrikhsberg, D.A., and Chernoberezhskii, Yu.M., Rukovodstvo k prakticheskim rabotam po kolloidnoi khimii (Practical Works in Colloid Chemistry: A Manual), Leningrad: Leningr. Gos. Univ., 1964.
Derjaguin, B.V. and Landau, L.D., Theory of Stability of Highly Charged Lyophobic Sols and Aggregation of Highly Charged Particles in Electrolyte Solutions, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., 1941, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 802–821; 1945, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 663–682.
Derjaguin, B.V., Teoriya ustoichivosti kolloidov i tonkikh plenok (The Theory of Stability of Colloids and Thin Films), Moscow: Nauka, 1986.
Derjaguin, B.V. and Churaev, N.V., Inclusion of Structural Forces in the Theory of Stability of Colloids and Films, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1985, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 542–553.
Oshima, H.J., Healy, T.W., and White, L.R., Improvement on Hogg-Healy-Fuerstenau Formulas for the Interaction on Dissimilar Double Layers, Thin Solid Films, 1982, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 484–493.
Dukhin, S.S., Elektroforez (Electrophoresis), Moscow: Nauka, 1976.
Akhadov, Ya.Yu., Dielektricheskie svoistva binarnykh rastvorov (Dielectric Properties of Binary Solutions), Moscow: Nauka, 1977.
Baes, C.F. and Mesmer, R.E., Hydrolysis of Cations, New York: Wiley, 1976, p. 489.
Pilipenko, A.T., Falendysh, N.F., and Parkhomenko, E.P., State of Aluminum(III) in Aqueous Solutions, Khim. Tekhnol. Vody, 1982, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 136–150.
Nazarenko, V.A., Antonovich, V.N., and Nevskaya, E.M., Gidroliz ionov metallov v razbavlennykh rastvorakh (Hydrolysis of Metal Ions in Dilute Solutions), Moscow: Atomizdat, 1976.
Bergstrom, L., Hamaker Constants of Inorganic Materials, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 1997, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 125–160.
Visser, J., On Hamaker Constants, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 1972, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 331–363.
Derjaguin, B.V., Churaev, N.V., and Muller, V.M., Poverkhnostnye sily (Surface Forces), Moscow: Nauka, 1985.
Peshel’, G., Kal’denits, Dzh., Berg, D., and Lyudvig, P., Investigation of the Structural Component of the Disjoining Pressure in Liquids, Kolloidn. Zh., 1986, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1090–1095.
Golikova, E.V., Chernoberezhskii, Yu.M., Ioganson, O.M., Petrovsky, G.T., Vysokovskaja, N.A., and Grigoriev, V.S., On the Parameters of the Structural Component of SiO2 Particles Interaction Energy in KCl Solutions, Abstracts of Papers, XII International Conference “Surface Forces”, Zvenigorod, Russia, 2003.
Golikova, E.V., Chernoberezhskii, Yu.M., Ioganson, O.M., Vysokovskaya, N.A., and Grigor’ev, V.S., Stability of Aqueous Crystalline Quartz Dispersions in the Acidic pH Region: The Role of the Structural Component of the Particle Interaction Energy, Kolloidn. Zh., 2003, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 460–467 [Colloid J. (Engl. transl.), 2003, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 420–427].
Aguf, I.A. and Orkina, T.N., Gelation Kinetics in Aerosil-Sulfate Solution System, Kolloidn. Zh., 1979, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 403–408.
Iler, R.K., The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry of Silica, New York: Wiley, 1979. Translated under the title Khimiya kremnezema, Moscow: Mir, 1982.
Parks, G.A., The Isoelectric Points of Solids Oxides: Solid Hydroxides and Aqueous Hydrocomplex Systems, Chem. Rev., 1965, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 177–198.
Efremov, I.F. and Us’yarov, O.G., The Long-range Interaction between Colloid and Other Particles and the Formation of Periodic Colloid Structures, Usp. Khim., 1976, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 576–907.
Efremov, I.F., Periodicheskie kolloidnye struktury (Periodic Colloidal Structures), Leningrad: Khimiya, 1973.
Churaev, N.V., Surface Forces and Physicochemistry of Surface Phenomena, Usp. Khim., 2004, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 26–38.
Malkiman, V.I., Struzhko, V.A., Shamrikov, V.M., Chertov, V.M., and Kosenko, E.I., Ageing Kinetics of Aluminosilica Hydrogel, Kolloidn. Zh., 1989, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 691–695.
Golikova, E.V., Klochkova, O.V., Kuchuk, V.I., and Chernoberezhskii, Yu.M., Investigation into the Aggregation Stability of Aqueous Dispersions of Natural Diamond in AlCl3 Solutions, Kolloidn. Zh., 1986, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1005–1010.
Voronkov, M.G., Mileshkevich, V.P., and Yuzhelevskii, Yu.A., Siloksanovaya svyaz (Siloxane Bond), Moscow: Nauka, 1976.
Franks, G., Zeta Potentials and Yield Stresses of Silica Suspensions in Concentrated Monovalent Electrolytes: Isoelectric Point Shift and Additional Attraction, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2002, vol. 249, no. 1, pp. 44–51.
Colloid Science, Kruyt, H., Ed., Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1952, vol. 1. Translated under the title Nauka o kolloidakh, Moscow: Inostrannaya Literatura, 1995, vol. 1.
Hogg, R. and Yang, K.C., Secondary Coagulation, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1976, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 573–576.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Original Russian Text © T.V. Khamova, O.A. Shilova, E.V. Golikova, 2006, published in Fizika i Khimiya Stekla.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khamova, T.V., Shilova, O.A. & Golikova, E.V. Investigation of the structuring in the Sol-Gel systems based on tetraethoxysilane. Glass Phys Chem 32, 448–459 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1087659606040092
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1087659606040092