Effects of Gd³⁺ doping on structural and dielectric properties of PZT (Zr:Ti = 52:48) piezoceramics

Abstract.

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of doping Gd into Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ ceramics prepared by solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction patterns show that all PGZT samples are of tetragonal structure and the highest doping should be no more than 2 mole % Gd at which the unreacted oxides start to appear. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of PGZT's indicate that Gd³⁺ can enter both A site of the perovskite structure instead of only A site as widely believed. The ESR peaks resonance shift towards low fields as the concentration is higher, which is due to the change in crystal field experienced by Gd³⁺ ions. At x =0.001, 0.005 and 0.01 dopings, two sets of powder ESR signals arising from Gd³⁺ (4f⁷, spin 7/2) ions at A site. The first set shows some fine structure having strong absorption peaks centered at 76.26 mT (g = 8.550). The second is a seven-peak spectrum centered at 206.01 mT (g = 3.165), which belongs to the Gd³⁺ ions at B sites. Furthermore, the overlapped ESR strong absorption peaks from 309.17 mT to 314.49 mT (g = 2.2818-2.1087) belong to Gd³⁺ of unreacted Gd₂O₃. The local environments of Gd³⁺ ions were verified from the calculated ESR spectra using appropriate spin Hamiltonian parameter, i.e. gyromagnetic tensor g, zero-field splitting D and hyperfine tensor A.