Abstract
Many directed real world networks, such as the WWW, genetic regulation networks and economic networks exhibit significant differences between the properties of the incoming and outgoing edges, while the differences exhibited by other networks, such as Social Netw. are far more limited. This phenomenon is most evident in the differences between the distributions of incoming and outgoing degrees and direct clustering coefficients. There is currently no generic network generation model that would reproduce and tune these observed dissimilarities. We propose and empirically validate a simple and realistic model that can explain the emergence of the dissimilarities between the incoming and outgoing network degrees and clustering coefficients by combining directed triadic closure, random edge addition and directed edge removal. Surprisingly, we find that the difference between in and out degree distributions is attributed to asymmetries in the edge removal, highlighting the neglected yet crucial importance of edge removal mechanisms to the static and dynamic properties of real world networks. The model is governed by only two parameters: the first tunes the randomness of the edge addition mechanism, while the second controls the difference between the in and out degrees. The combination of these parameters reproduces the observed variety of directed degree distributions and clustering coefficients. Further comparisons of the model’s microscopic dynamics against the empirically observed evolution of real world social network confirms that while quite simple, the model properly describes both the edge addition and deletion processes in directed networks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.-L. Barabási, R. Albert, Science 286, 509 (1999)
H. Brot et al., Physica A 391, 6645 (2012)
D. Garlaschelli, M.I. Loffredo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 268701 (2004)
J. Jost, M.P. Joy, Phys. Rev. E 66, 036126 (2002)
S. Kauffman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 14796 (2003)
A. Mirshahvalad, M. Rosvall, Phys. Rev. E 84, 036102 (2011)
A. Vázquez, Phys. Rev. E 67, 056104 (2003)
D. Fraiman, Eur. Phys. J. B 61, 377 (2008)
B. Kahng, Y. Park, H. Jeong, Phys. Rev. E 66, 046107 (2002)
J. Liu et al., Physica A 371, 861 (2006)
G. Rodgers, K. Darby-Dowman, Eur. Phys. J. B 23, 267 (2001)
H. Ebel, L.-I. Mielsch, S. Bornholdt, Phys. Rev. E 66, 035103 (2002)
M.E. Newman, S. Forrest, J. Balthrop, Phys. Rev. E 66, 035101 (2002)
S. Bernhardsson, P. Minnhagen, Phys. Rev. E 74, 026104 (2006)
A. Grönlund, Phys. Rev. E 70, 061908 (2004)
O. Popa et al., Genome Res. 21, 599 (2011)
L.G. Morelli, Phys. Rev. E 67, 066107 (2003)
M. Kimura, K. Saito, N. Ueda, Neural Netw. 17, 975 (2004)
E.A. Leicht et al., Eur. Phys. J. B 59, 75 (2007)
S.J. Brams, H. Mutlu, S.L. Ramirez, Studies Conflict Terrorism 29, 703 (2006)
B. Gonçalves, N. Perra, A. Vespignani, PLoS One 6, e22656 (2011)
H. Kwak et al., What is Twitter, a Social network or a News Media? in Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web (ACM, 2010)
V. Satuluri, S. Parthasarathy, Symmetrizations for clustering directed graphs, in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Extending Database Technology (ACM, 2011)
M. Moslonka-Lefebvre, M. Pautasso, M.J. Jeger, J. Theor. Biol. 260, 402 (2009)
M. Pautasso, M.J. Jeger, Ecol. Complexity 5, 1 (2008)
A.D. Sánchez, J.M. López, M.A. Rodriguez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 048701 (2002)
R. Itzhack et al., Physica A 389, 5308 (2010)
L. Muchnik et al., Phys. Rev. E 76, 016106 (2007)
Y. Rosen, Y. Louzoun, Physica A 401, 118 (2014)
S. Ahnert, T. Fink, Phys. Rev. E 78, 036112 (2008)
S.M. Park, B.J. Kim, Phys. Rev. E 74, 026114 (2006)
A. Broder et al., Comput. Netw. 33, 309 (2000)
M.E.J. Newman, SIAM Rev. 45, 167 (2003)
P. Krapivsky, G. Rodgers, S. Redner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5401 (2001)
S.-W. Son et al., Phys. Rev. E 86, 046104 (2012)
R. Itzhack, Y. Mogilevski, Y. Louzoun, Physica A 381, 482 (2007)
R. Milo et al., Science 298, 824 (2002)
J.-P. Onnela et al., Phys. Rev. E 71, 065103 (2005)
C. Seshadhri, et al., arXiv:1302.6220 (2013)
G. Fagiolo, Phys. Rev. E 76, 026107 (2007)
J.G. Foster et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 10815 (2010)
A. Ramezanpour, V. Karimipour, Phys. Rev. E 66, 036128 (2002)
B. Georgeot, O. Giraud, D.L. Shepelyansky, Phys. Rev. E 81, 056109 (2010)
S.M. Goodreau, Social Netw. 29, 231 (2007)
G. Robins et al., Social Netw. 29, 173 (2007)
T.A. Snijders, G.G. Van de Bunt, C.E. Steglich, Social Netw. 32, 44 (2010)
Y. Louzoun, L. Muchnik, S. Solomon, Bioinformatics 22, 581 (2006)
A.-X. Cui et al., PLoS One 7, e50702 (2012)
N. Gondal, Social Netw. 33, 20 (2011)
P.N. Krivitsky, M.S. Handcock, M. Morris, Statistical Methodology 8, 319 (2011)
G. Robins, P. Pattison, P. Wang, Social Netw. 31, 105 (2009)
P. Wang et al., Social Netw. 35, 96 (2013)
J. Davidsen, H. Ebel, S. Bornholdt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 128701 (2002)
J.M. Kumpula et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 228701 (2007)
M. Marsili, F. Vega-Redondo, F. Slanina, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 1439 (2004)
R. Toivonen et al., Social Netw. 31, 240 (2009)
E. Volz, Phys. Rev. E 70, 056115 (2004)
G. Csányi, B. Szendröi, Phys. Rev. E 69, 036131 (2004)
J.M. Kumpula et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 228701 (2007)
M. Li et al., Physica A 375, 355 (2007)
K. Yuta, N. Ono, Y. Fujiwara, arXiv:physics/0701168 (2007)
D.J. Watts, S.H. Strogatz, Nature 393, 440 (1998)
H. Brot et al., Physica A 391, 6645 (2012)
J. Cheng, A.W. Fu, J. Liu, K-isomorphism: privacy preserving network publication against structural attacks, in Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Management of data (ACM, 2010)
K. Park, Y.C. Lai, N. Ye, Phys. Rev. E 72, 026131 (2005)
B. Rudolf et al., Phys. Rev. E 85, 026114 (2012)
S. Gollapudi, K. Kenthapadi, R. Panigrahy, Threshold phenomena in the evolution of communities in Social Netw., in 17th International World Wide Web conference (WWW2008), Workshop on social web search and mining (swsM2008) (Citeseer, 2008)
M. Cavaliere et al., J. Theor. Biol. 299, 126 (2011)
W. Miura, H. Takayasu, M. Takayasu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 168701 (2012)
M. Deijfen, M. Lindholm, Physica A 388, 4297 (2009)
H. Brot et al., Phys. Rev. E 88, 042815 (2013)
K.L. Morrow, T. Rowland, C.M. Danforth, Phys. Rev. E 80, 016103 (2009)
P. Holme, B.J. Kim, Phys. Rev. E 65, 026107 (2002)
P. Klimek, S. Thurner, New J. Phys. 15, 063008 (2013)
R. Toivonen et al., Physica A 371, 851 (2006)
A.T. Stephen, O. Toubia, Social Netw. 31, 262 (2009)
M. Szell, R. Lambiotte, S. Thurner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 13636 (2010)
A.L. Ter Wal, R.A. Boschma, Ann. Regional Sci. 43, 739 (2009)
R. Albert, A.-L. Barabási, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 47 (2002)
M.E. Newman, SIAM Rev. 45, 167 (2003)
T. Squartini, D. Garlaschelli, in Triadic motifs and dyadic self-organization in the World Trade Network, in Self-Organizing Systems (Springer, 2012), pp. 24–35
Q. Chen, D. Shi, Physica A 335, 240 (2004)
J.S. Kong, V.P. Roychowdhury, Physica A 387, 3335 (2008)
S. Saavedra, F. Reed-Tsochas, B. Uzzi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 16466 (2008)
D. Shi et al., Europhys. Lett. 76, 731 (2006)
S. Mangan, U. Alon, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 11980 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brot, H., Muchnik, L. & Louzoun, Y. Directed triadic closure and edge deletion mechanism induce asymmetry in directed edge properties. Eur. Phys. J. B 88, 12 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2014-50220-4
Received:
Revised:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2014-50220-4