ABSTRACT
Computational models of the immune system and pathogenic agents have several applications, such as theory testing and validation, or as a complement to first stages of drug trials. One possible application is the prediction of the lethality of new Influenza A strains, which are constantly created due to antigenic drift and shift. Here, we present an agent-based model of immune-influenza A dynamics, with focus on low level molecular antigen-antibody interactions, in order to study antigenic drift and shift events, and analyze the virulence of emergent strains. At this stage of the investigation, results are presented and discussed from a qualitative point of view against recent and generally recognized immunology and influenza literature.
- A. Abbas and A. Lichtman. Basic immunology: functions and disorders of the immune system. Saunders Elsevier, 2nd edition, updated edition 2006--2007 edition, 2006.Google Scholar
- P. Baccam, C. Beauchemin, C. Macken, F. Hayden, and A. Perelson. Kinetics of Influenza A Virus Infection in Humans. Journal of Virology, 80(15):7590--7599, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- C. Beauchemin. Probing the effects of the well-mixed assumption on viral infection dynamics. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 242(2):464--477, 2006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- C. Beauchemin, S. Forrest, and F. Koster. Modeling Influenza Viral Dynamics in Tissue. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4163:23--36, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Beauchemin, J. McSharry, G. Drusano, J. Nguyen, G. Went, R. Ribeiro, and A. Perelson. Modeling amantadine treatment of influenza A virus in vitro. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 254(2):439--451, 2008.Google ScholarCross Ref
- C. Beauchemin, J. Samuel, and J. Tuszynski. A Simple Cellular Automaton Model for Influenza A Viral Infections. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 232(232):223--234, 2005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. Bernaschi and F. Castiglione. Design and implementation of an immune system simulator. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 31(5):303--331, 2001.Google ScholarCross Ref
- G. Bocharov and A. Romanyukha. Mathematical model of antiviral immune response. III. Influenza A virus infection. J Theor Biol, 167(4):323--360, 1994.Google ScholarCross Ref
- E. Bonabeau. Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(3):7280--7287, May 2002.Google ScholarCross Ref
- F. Castiglione and M. Bernaschi. HIV-1 Strategies of Immune Evasion. International Journal of Modern Physics C, 16(12):1869--1878, 2005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- F. Celada and P. Seiden. A Computer Model of Cellular Interactions in the Immune System. Immunology Today, 13(2):56--62, 1992.Google ScholarCross Ref
- I. Cohen. Modeling Immune Behavior for Experimentalists. Immunological Reviews, 216(1):232--236, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- N. Fachada. Agent-based Simulation of the Immune System. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, July 2008.Google Scholar
- N. Fachada, V. V. Lopes, and A. Rosa. Simulation of Immune Response to Bacterial Challenge. In Proceedings of the 22nd annual European Simulation and Modelling Conference, pages 252--257. Eurosis, October 2008.Google Scholar
- V. Folcik, G. An, and C. Orosz. The Basic Immune Simulator: An agent-based model to study the interactions between innate and adaptive immunity. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, 4(39), September 2007.Google Scholar
- S. Forrest and C. Beauchemin. Computer Immunology. Immunological Reviews, 216(1):176--197, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Grilo, A. Caetano, and A. Rosa. Agent based Artificial Immune System. In Proc. GECCO-01, Vol. LBP, pages 145--151, 2001.Google Scholar
- Z. Guo, H. K. Han, and J. C. Tay. Sufficiency Verification of HIV-1 Pathogenesis based on Multi-Agent Simulation. In Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pages 305--312. ACM Press New York, NY, USA, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Hampson and J. Mackenzie. The influenza viruses. Medical Journal Australia, 185(10 Suppl):S39--S43, 2006.Google Scholar
- B. Hancioglu, D. Swigon, and G. Clermont. A dynamical model of human immune response to influenza A virus infection. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 246(1):70--86, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Kleinstein and P. Seiden. Simulating the Immune System. Computing in Science and Engineering, 2(4):69--77, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Kohler, R. Puzone, P. Seiden, and F. Celada. A systematic approach to vaccine complexity using an automaton model of the cellular and humoral immune system. i. viral characteristics and polarized responses. Vaccine, 19(7--8):862--76, 2000.Google Scholar
- Y. Louzoun. The Evolution of Mathematical Immunology. Immunological Reviews, 216(1):9--20, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. Meier-Schellersheim and G. Mack. SIMMUNE, a tool for simulating and analyzing immune system behavior. Technical report, Institut fr Theoretische Physik, Universitt Hamburg, 1999.Google Scholar
- M. North, N. Collier, and J. Vos. Experiences Creating Three Implementations of the Repast Agent Modeling Toolkit. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, 16(1):1--25, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Robbins and S. Garrett. Evaluating Theories of Immunological Memory Using Large-Scale Simulations. In C. Jacob, M. L. Pilat, P. J. Bentley, and J. Timmis, editors, Artificial Immune Systems, volume 3627 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, chapter 16, pages 193--206. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- I. M. Roitt and P. J. Delves. Essential Immunology. Blackwell Publishing, 10th edition, 2001.Google Scholar
- K. Ryan and C. Ray. Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill Medical, 2004.Google Scholar
- J. Tay and A. Jhavar. CAFISS: a Complex Adaptive Framework for Immune System Simulation. In Proceedings of the 2005 ACM symposium on Applied Computing, pages 158--164. ACM Press New York, NY, USA, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Wagner, M. Matrosovich, and H. Klenk. Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections. Rev. Med. Virol., 12:159--166, 2002.Google ScholarCross Ref
- C. Warrender. Modeling intercellular interactions in the peripheral immune system. PhD thesis, The University of New Mexico, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/.Google Scholar
- M. Zambon. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 44:3--9, 1999.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Simulating antigenic drift and shift in influenza A
Recommendations
Mechanism of Influenza A M2 Ion-Channel Inhibition: A Docking and QSAR Study
ICCS '08: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part IIBinding of blockers to the Influenza A ion-channel is studied using automated docking calculations. Our study suggests that studied cage compounds inhibit the M2 ion channel by binding to the His37 residue. The adamantane cage fits into a pocket formed ...
Antiviral potential of natural compounds against influenza virus hemagglutinin
The antiviral activity of natural compounds against the HA protein of different subtypes of Influenza virus has been investigated using binding free energy and hydrogen bonding interactions.Display Omitted The curucmin derivatives (CI, CII and CIII) ...
Comments