Colin Ware
Abstract
This article reports the results from three experimental studies of reaching behavior in a head-coupled stereo display system with a hand-tracking subsystem for object selection. It is found that lag in the head-tracking system is relatively unimportant in predicting performance, whereas lag in the hand-tracking system is critical. The effect of hand lag can be modeled by means of a variation on Fitts' Law with the measured system lag introduced as a multiplicative variable to the Fitts' Law index of difficulty. This means that relatively small lags can cause considerable degradation in performance if the targets are small. Another finding is that errors are higher for movement in and out of the screen, as compared to movements in the plane of the screen, and there is a small (10%) time penalty for movement in the Z direction in all three experiments. Low frame rates cause a degradation in performance; however, this can be attributed to the lag which is caused by low frame rates, particularly if double buffering is used combined with early sampling of the hand-tracking device.
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Index Terms
- Reaching for objects in VR displays: lag and frame rate
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Reviews
Raphael M. Malyankar
Ware and Balakrishnan describe a modification of Fitts's law for three-dimensional interaction in a “fish tank” virtual reality system and a set of experiments designed to test the modified version. Fitts's law is extended by including a term to model the effect of lag in system processing of operator input and corrective actions. The experiments are designed to investigate lag, diplopia, and plane of movement effects in three-dimensional placement tasks. The devices used are a Bat device for hand tracking and StereoGraphics CrystalEyes shutter glasses with a Logitech head tracker. The results are generally consistent with the extended model. Diplopia effects were found to be negligible. Frame rate effects were found to be significant for low frame rates. Differences between movements in different planes were also discovered. A number of practical recommendations following from the results are included. The paper is clear and concise. The data and recommendations will be useful for developers of virtual reality (VR) systems. The authors also raise questions about the validity of simplistic extensions of Fitts's l aw to three dimensions. Further research on this track and studies using other interaction devices and VR systems should be interesting to see.
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