Abstract
The concepts of transaction and of data consistency are defined for a distributed system. The cases of partitioned data, where fragments of a file are stored at multiple nodes, and replicated data, where a file is replicated at several nodes, are discussed. It is argued that the distribution and replication of data should be transparent to the programs which use the data. That is, the programming interface should provide location transparency, replica transparency, concurrency transparency, and failure transparency. Techniques for providing such transparencies are abstracted and discussed.
By extending the notions of system schedule and system clock to handle multiple nodes, it is shown that a distributed system can be modeled as a single sequential execution sequence. This model is then used to discuss simple techniques for implementing the various forms of transparency.
- 1 BERNSTEIN, P.A., SHIPMAN, D.W., GOODMAN, N., AND ROTHNIE, J.B. Concurrency control in a system for distributed databases (SDD-1). ACM Trans. Database Syst. 5, 1 (March 1980), 1-17. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 2 CICS General information Manual. IBM form number GC33-0066, IBM, White Plains, N.Y., 1978.Google Scholar
- 3 ESWARAN, K.P., GRAY, J.N., LOmE, R.A., AND TRAIGER, I.L. The notions of consistency and predicate locks in a database system. Commun. ACM, 19, 1i (November 1976) 624-633. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 4 GIFFORD, D.K. Weighted voting for replicated data. In Proc. 7th Syrup. Operating Systems Principles (Pacific Grove, Calif., Dec.10-12), ACM, New York, 1979. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 5 GRAY, J.N. Notes on database operating systems. In Operating Systems--An Advanced Course, R. Bayer, R.M. Graham, and G. Seegmuller, Eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 6 IMS/VS. General Information Manual. IBM form number GH20-1260, IBM, White Plains, N.Y., 1978.Google Scholar
- 7 LAMPORT, L. Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system. Commun. ACM, 21, 7 (July 1978) 558-565. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 8 LAMPSON, B.W., AND STURGIS, H.E. Crash recovery in distributed systems. Xerox Palo Alto Research Rep., 1976. Xerox Parc, Palo Alto, Calif., 1976.Google Scholar
- 9 ROSENKRANTZ, D.J., STEARNS, R.E., AND LEWIS, P.M. System level concurrency control for distributed database systems. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 3, 2 (June 1978), 178-198. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 10 STEARNS, R.E., LEWIS, P.M., AND ROSENKRANTZ, D.J. Concurrency control for database systems. In Proc. 17th Syrup. Foundations of Computer Science, ACM, New York, 1976.Google ScholarDigital Library
- 11 STONEBRAKER, M. Concurrency control and consistency of multiple copies of data in distributed INGRES. IEEE Trans. Soflw. Eng. SE-5, 3. (May 1979), 188-194.Google ScholarDigital Library
- 12 BORR, A, Transaction monitoring in encompass-reliable distributed transaction processing. In Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Very Large Databases, IEEE, New York, 1981.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Transactions and consistency in distributed database systems
Recommendations
Analysis of Replication in Distributed Database Systems
The authors develop an approximate analytical model to study the tradeoffs of replicating data in a distributed database environment. Several concurrency control protocols are considered, including pessimistic, optimistic, and semi-optimistic protocols. ...
Efficient Execution of Read-Only Transactions in Replicated Multiversion Databases
Multiple versions of data are used in database systems to increase concurrency. The higher concurrency results since read-only transactions can be executed without any concurrency control overhead and, therefore, read-only transactions do not interfere ...
A distributed protocol for ensuring replicated database consistency in mobile computing environments
SAC '10: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied ComputingA mobile replicated database is comprised of several mobile and fixed servers and clients interconnected through a wireless network. In order to ensure data consistency in mobile replicated databases, several replication control protocols have been ...
Comments