Abstract
While the fundamental premise of peer-to-peer (P2P) systems is that of voluntary resource sharing among individual peers, there is an inherent tension between individual rationality and collective welfare that threatens the viability of these systems. This paper surveys recent research at the intersection of economics and computer science that targets the design of distributed systems consisting of rational participants with diverse and selfish interests. In particular, we discuss major findings and open questions related to free-riding in P2P systems: factors affecting the degree of free-riding, incentive mechanisms to encourage user cooperation, and challenges in the design of incentive mechanisms for P2P systems.
- Adar, E. and Huberman, B. A. (2000). Free Riding on Gnutella. First Monday, 5(10).Google Scholar
- Akella, A., Karp, R., Papadimitriou, C., Seshan, S., and Shenker, S. (2002). Selfish Behavior and Stability of the Internet: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of TCP. In SIGCOMM 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Andrade, N., Mowbray, M., Lima, A., Wagner, G., and Ripeanu, M. (2005). Influences on cooperation in bittorrent communities. In To appear, ACM SIGCOMM workshop on the Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems (P2PECON'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Andreoni, J. (1989). Giving with Impure Altruism: Applications to Charity and Ricardian Equivalence. Journal of Political Economy, 97(6):1447-58.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Buchegger, S. and LeBoudec, J.-Y. (2004). A Robust Reputation System for Peer-to-Peer and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. In Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems.Google Scholar
- Buttyan, L. and Hubaux, J. (2002). Enforcing Service Availability in Mobile Ad-Hoc WANs. IEEE/ACM Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHOC). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Camerer, C. F. (2003). Behavioral Game Theory. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- Castro, M., Druschel, P., Ganesh, A., Rowstron, A., and Wallach, D. S. (2002). Security for Structured Peer-to-Peer Overlay Networks. In Proceedings of Multimedia Computing and Networking 2002 (MMCN '02).Google Scholar
- Castro, M., Druschel, P., Kermarrec, A.-M., Nandi, A., Rowstron, A., and Singh, A. (2003). Splitstream: High-bandwidth multicast in cooperative environments. In Proceedings of 19th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cheng, A. and Friedman, E. (2005). Sybilproof reputation mechanisms. In To appear, ACM SIGCOMM workshop on the Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems (P2PECON'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Christin, N. and Chuang, J. (2005). A cost-based analysis of overlay routing geometries. In IEEE INFOCOM.Google Scholar
- Christin, N., Grossklags, J., and Chuang, J. (2004). Near Rationality and Competitive Equilibria in Networked Systems. In Proc. SIGCOMM workshop on Practice and Theory of Incentives and Game Theory in Networked Systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chu, Y.-H., Chuang, J., and Zhang, H. (2004). A Case for Taxation in Peer-to-Peer Streaming Broadcast. In Proc. SIGCOMM workshop on Practice and Theory of Incentives and Game Theory in Networked Systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chun, B., Chaudhuri, K., Wee, H., Barreno, M., Papadimitriou, C., and Kubiatowicz, J. D. (2004). Selfish caching in distributed systems. In ACM Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Clarke, E. (1971). Multipart Pricing of Public Goods. Public Choice, 1:17-33.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cohen, B. (2003). Incentives build robustness in bittorrent. In Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems.Google Scholar
- Cole, R., Dodis, Y., and TimRoughgarten (2003). Pricing Networks with Selfish Routing. In Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dellarocas, C. (2000). Immunizing Online Reputation Reporting Systems Against Unfair Ratings and Discriminatory Behavior. In Second ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dellarocas, C. and Resnick, P. (2003). Online Reputation Mechanisms: A Roadmap for Future Research. Summary Report of the First Interdisciplinary Symposium on Online Reputation Mechanisms. In Workshop on economics of peer-to-peer networks.Google Scholar
- Douceur, J. R. (2002). The Sybil Attack. In Electronic Proceedings of the International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fabrikant, A., Luthra, A., Maneva, E., Papadimitriou, C., and Shenker, S. (2003). On a network creation game. In ACM Symposium on Principles of Distriubted Computing (PODC). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feigenbaum, J., Papadimitriou, C., Sami, R., and Shenker, S. (2002). A BGP-based Mechanism for Lowest-Cost Routing. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feigenbaum, J., Papadimitriou, C., and Shenker, S. (2001). Sharing the Cost of Multicast Transmissions. In Journal of Computer and System Sciences, volume 63, pages 21-41. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feigenbaum, J. and Shenker, S. (2002). Distributed Algorithmic Mechanism Design: Recent Results and Future Directions. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Discrete Algorithms and Methods for Mobile Computing and Communications. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feldman, M. and Chuang, J. (2005). The Evolution of Cooperation Under Cheap Pseudonyms. In Proc. of the seventh international IEEE conference on E-Commerce Technology. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feldman, M., Chuang, J., Stoica, I., and Shenker, S. (2005b). Hidden-Action in Multi-Hop Routing. In ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feldman, M., Lai, K., Stoica, I., and Chuang, J. (2004a). Robust Incentive Techniques for Peer-to-Peer Networks. In ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC'04). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Feldman, M., Papadimitriou, C., Stoica, I., and Chuang, J. (2004b). Free-Riding and Whitewashing in Peer-to-Peer Systems. In Proc. SIGCOMM workshop on Practice and Theory of Incentives and Game Theory in Networked Systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ferreira, P. and Sirbu, M. (2005). Interconnected Communication Networks Provisioned Selfishly. In ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Friedman, E. and Resnick, P. (1998). The Social Cost of Cheap Pseudonyms. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 10(2):173-199.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Friedman, E. and Shenker, S. (1997). Learning and implementation on the internet. In Manuscript. New Brunswick: Rutgers University, Department of Economics.Google Scholar
- Golle, P., Leyton-Brown, K., Mironov, I., and Lillibridge, M. (2001). Incentives For Sharing in Peer-to-Peer Networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on Electronic Commerce, October 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Groves, T. (1973). Incentives in Teams. Econometrica, 41:617-663.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gupta, M., Judge, P., and Ammar, M. (2003). A reputation system for peer-to-peer networks. In Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hughes, D., Coulson, G., and Walkerdine, J. (2005). Freeriding on gnutella revisited: The bell tolls? In Submitted to IEEE Distributed Systems Online. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jakobsson, M., Hubaux, J.-P., and Buttyan, L. (2003). A Micro-Payment Scheme Encouraging Collaboration in Multi-Hop Cellular Networks. In Financial Cryptography.Google Scholar
- Jun, S. and Ahamad, M. (2005). Incentives in bittorrent induce free riding. In To appear, ACM SIGCOMM workshop on the Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems (P2PECON'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jurca, R. and Faltings, B. (2005). Reputation-based pricing of p2p services. In To appear, ACM SIGCOMM workshop on the Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems (P2PECON'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kamvar, S. D., Schlosser, M. T., and Garcia-Molina, H. (2003). The EigenTrust Algorithm for Reputation Management in P2P Networks. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International World Wide Web Conference. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Morselli, R., Katz, J., and Bhattacharjee, B. (2004). A game-theoretic framework for analyzing trust-inference protocols. In 2nd Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems.Google Scholar
- Ngan, T.-W. J., Wallach, D. S., and Druschel, P. (2004). Incentive-compatible peer-to-peer multicast. In Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems.Google Scholar
- Nisan, N. and Ronen, A. (1999). Algorithmic Mechanism Design. In Proceedings of the 31st Symposium on Theory of Computing. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rosenschein, J. S. and Zlotkin, G. (1994). Rules of Encounter. MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Saroiu, S., Gummadi, P. K., and Gribble, S. D. (2002). A Measurement Study of Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Systems. In Proceedings of Multimedia Computing and Networking 2002 (MMCN '02).Google Scholar
- Shneidman, J. and Parkes, D. C. (2004). Overcoming rational manipulation in mechanism implementation.Google Scholar
- Varian, H. R. (1995). Economic Mechanism Design for Computerized Agents. In Proc. of Usenix Workshop on Electronic Commerce. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vickrey, W. (1961). Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders. Journal of Finance, 16:8-37.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yu, B. and Singh, M. P. (2000). A Social Mechanism of Reputation Management in Electronic Communities. In Proceedings of fourth international workshop in cooperative information. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhong, S., Chen, J., and Yang, Y. R. (2003). Sprite: A Simple, Cheat-Proof, Credit-Based System for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. In 22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Overcoming free-riding behavior in peer-to-peer systems
Recommendations
Free-riding and whitewashing in peer-to-peer systems
PINS '04: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Practice and theory of incentives in networked systemsWe develop a model to study the phenomenon of free-riding in peer-to-peer (P2P) systems. At the heart of our model is a user of a certain type, an intrinsic and private parameter that reflects the user's willingness to contribute resources to the ...
Robust incentive techniques for peer-to-peer networks
EC '04: Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic commerceLack of cooperation (free riding) is one of the key problems that confronts today's P2P systems. What makes this problem particularly difficult is the unique set of challenges that P2P systems pose: large populations, high turnover, a symmetry of ...
Araneola: A scalable reliable multicast system for dynamic environments
This paper presents Araneola (Araneola means ''little spider'' in Latin.), a scalable reliable application-level multicast system for highly dynamic wide-area environments. Araneola supports multi-point to multi-point reliable communication in a fully ...
Comments