skip to main content
10.1145/1344471.1344484acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesetraConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Eye typing using word and letter prediction and a fixation algorithm

Published:26 March 2008Publication History

ABSTRACT

Two eye typing techniques and a fixation algorithm are described. Similar to word prediction, letter prediction chooses three highly probable next letters and highlights them on an onscreen keyboard. Letter prediction proved promising, as it was as good as word prediction, and in some cases better. The fixation algorithm chooses which button to select for eye-over highlighting. It often chooses the desired button even if another button is closer to the fixation location. Error rates were reduced when using the fixation algorithm combined with letter prediction; however, the algorithm was sensitive to the correctness of the first several letters in a word.

References

  1. Collins, J. F. & Blackwell, L. K. 1974. Effects of eye dominance and retinal distance on binocular rivalry, Perceptual Motor Skills, 39, 747--754.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  2. Hansen, D. W., Hansen, J. P., Nielsen, M., Johansen, A. S., & Stegmann, M. B. 2002. Eye typing using Markov and active appearance models, Proc 6th Workshop App Computer Vision (IEEE) 132--136. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. Hutchinson, T. E., White Jr., K. P., Martin, W. N., Reichert, K. C., & Frey, L. A. 1989. HCI using eye-gaze input, IEEE Trans Systems Man Cybernetics, 19, 1527--1534.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  4. Lankford, C. 2000. Effective eye-gaze input into Windows, ETRA 00 (ACM) 23--27. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. MacKenzie, I. S. 2002. KSPC as a characteristic of text entry techniques, Proc MobileHCI 02 (Springer-Verlag) 195--210. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. MacKenzie, I. S., Chen, J., & Oniszczak, A. 2006. Unipad: Single-stroke text entry with language-based acceleration, NordiCHI 06, (ACM), 78--85. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. MacKenzie, I. S. & Soukoreff, R. W. 2003. Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques, Proc CHI 03 (ACM) 754--755. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. MacKenzie, I. S. and Zhang, S. X. 1999. The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard, Proc CHI 99 (ACM) 25--31. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Majaranta, P., MacKenzie, I. S., Aula, A., & Rääihä, K.-J. 2006. Effects of feedback and dwell time on eye typing speed and accuracy, UAIS, 5, 199--208. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Majaranta, P. & Rääihä, K.-J. 2002. Twenty years of eye typing, Proc ETRA 02 (ACM) 15--22. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Špakov, O. & Miniotas, D. 2004. On-line adjustment of dwell time for target selection by gaze, Proc NordiCHI 04 (ACM) 203--206. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Salvucci, D. D. 1999. Inferring intent in eye-based interfaces, Proc CHI 99 (ACM) 254--261. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Wang, J., Zhai, S., & Su, H. 2001. Chinese input with keyboard and eye-tracking, Proc CHI 01 (ACM) 349--356. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Ward, D. J. & MacKay, D. J. C. 2002. Fast hands-free writing by gaze direction, Nature, 418, 838.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. Ware, C. & Mikaelian, H. H. 1987. Evaluation of eye tracker for computer input, Proc CHI+GI 87 (ACM) 183--188. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Zhai, S., Hunter, M., & Smith, B. A. 2000. Metropolis keyboard, Proc UIST 00 (ACM) 119--128. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Eye typing using word and letter prediction and a fixation algorithm

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in
    • Published in

      cover image ACM Conferences
      ETRA '08: Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
      March 2008
      285 pages
      ISBN:9781595939821
      DOI:10.1145/1344471

      Copyright © 2008 ACM

      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      • Published: 26 March 2008

      Permissions

      Request permissions about this article.

      Request Permissions

      Check for updates

      Qualifiers

      • research-article

      Acceptance Rates

      Overall Acceptance Rate69of137submissions,50%

      Upcoming Conference

      ETRA '24
      The 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
      June 4 - 7, 2024
      Glasgow , United Kingdom

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader