Tenn F. Chen
Skip Abstract Section
Skip Supplemental Material SectionAbstract
Exploration of the hyperspectral domain offers a host of new research and application possibilities involving material appearance modeling. In this article, we address these prospects with respect to human skin, one of the most ubiquitous materials portrayed in synthetic imaging. We present the first hyperspectral model designed for the predictive rendering of skin appearance attributes in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared domains. The proposed model incorporates the intrinsic bio-optical properties of human skin affecting light transport in these spectral regions, including the particle nature and distribution patterns of the main light attenuation agents found within the cutaneous tissues. Accordingly, it accounts for phenomena that significantly affect skin spectral signatures, both within and outside the visible domain, such as detour and sieve effects, that are overlooked by existing skin appearance models. Using a first-principles approach, the proposed model computes the surface and subsurface scattering components of skin reflectance taking into account not only the wavelength and the illumination geometry, but also the positional dependence of the reflected light. Hence, the spectral and spatial distributions of light interacting with human skin can be comprehensively represented in terms of hyperspectral reflectance and BSSRDF, respectively.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
zip
chen.zip (71.5 MB)
Supplemental movie, appendix, image and software files for, Hyperspectral Modeling of Skin Appearance
- R. Anderson and J. Parrish. 1982. Optical properties of human skin. In The Science of Photomedicine, J. Regan and J. Parrish, Eds., Plenum Press, 147--194.Google Scholar
- M. Attas, T. Posthumus, B. Schattka, M. Sowa, H. Mantsch, and S. Zhang. 2002. Long-wavelength near-infrared spectroscopic imaging for in-vivo skin hydration measurements. Vibrat. Spectroscopy 28, 37--43.Google ScholarCross Ref
- G. V. G. Baranoski, T. F. Chen, B. W. Kimmel, E. Miranda, and D. Yim. 2012. On the noninvasive optical monitoring and differentiation of methemoglobinemia and sulfhemoglobinemia. J. Biomed. Optics 17, 9, 097005--1--14.Google ScholarCross Ref
- G. V. G. Baranoski, T. Dimson, T. F. Chen, B. Kimmel, D. Yim, and E. Miranda. 2012. Rapid dissemination of light transport models on the Web. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 32, 10--15. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. V. G. Baranoski and A. Krishnaswamy. 2010. Light and Skin Interactions: Simulations for Computer Graphics Applications. Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier. Google ScholarDigital Library
- I. Blank. 1952. Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum. J. Investigat. Dermatol. 18, 6, 433--440.Google ScholarCross Ref
- W. G. Bruls and J. Van Der Leun. 1984. Forward scattering properties of human epidermal layers. Photochem. Photobiol. 40, 2, 231--242.Google ScholarCross Ref
- W. Butler. 1964. Absorption spectroscopy in vivo: Theory and application. Ann. Rev. Plant Phys. 15, 451--470.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. G. Cavalcanti, J. Scharcanski, and G. V. G. Baranoski. 2013. A two-stage approach for discriminating melanocytic skin lesions using standard cameras. Expert. Syst. Appl. 40, 10, 4054--4064. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Chedekel. 1995. Photophysics and photochemistry of melanin. In Melanin: Its Role in Human Photoprotection, M. C. L. Zeise and T. Fitzpatrick, Eds., Valdenmar, 11--22.Google Scholar
- B. Chen, K. Stamnes, and J. Stamnes. 2001. Validity of the diffusion approximation in bio-optical imaging. Appl. Optics 40, 34, 6356--6336.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. F. Chen, G. V. G. Baranoski, B. W. Kimmel, and E. Miranda. 2014. Supplementary data for the hyperspectral modeling of skin appearance. NPSG, University of Waterloo, Canada.Google Scholar
- C. Cooksey and D. Allen. 2013. Reflectance measurements of human skin from the ultraviolet to the shortwave infrared (250 nm to 2500 nm). In Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Active and Passive Signatures (SPIE'13). Vol. 8734.Google Scholar
- K. V. De Graaff. 1995. Human Anatomy, 4th Ed. W. C. Brown Publishers.Google Scholar
- E. D'eon and G. Irving. 2011. A quantized-diffusion model for rendering translucent materials. ACM Trans. Graph. 30, 4, 56:1--13. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Donner and H. W. Jensen. 2006. A spectral bssrdf for shading human skin. In Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques (EGSR'06). 409--418. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Donner, T. Weyrich, E. D'eon, R. Ramamoorthi, and S. Rusinkiewicz. 2008. A layered, heterogeneous reflectance model for acquiring and rendering human skin. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 5, 140:1--12. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Doronin and I. Meglinski. 2011. Online object oriented monte carlo computational tool for needs of the biomedical optics. Biomed. Optics Express 2, 9, 2461--2469.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Dorsey, H. Rushmeier, and F. Sillion. 2007. Digital Modeling of Material Appearance. Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, Burlington, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Fredembach, N. Barbuscla, and S. Susstrunk. 2009. Combining visible and near-infrared images for realistic skin smoothing. In Proceedings of the 17th Color and Imaging Conference (CIC'09). 242--247.Google Scholar
- M. Fuchs, V. Blanz, H. Lensch, and H. Seidel. 2005. Reflectance from images: A model-based approach for human faces. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 11, 3, 296--305. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Fulton. 1997. Utilizing the ultraviolet (uv detect) camera to enhance the appearance of photodamage and other skin conditions. Dermatol. Surgery 23, 163--169.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Ghosh, T. Hawkins, P. Peers, S. Frederiksen, and P. Debevec. 2008. Practical modeling and acquisition of layered facial reflectance. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 5, 139:1--10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Greenberg, J. Arvo, E. Lafortune, K. Torrance, J. Ferwerda, B. Walter, B. Trumbore, P. Shirley, S. Pattanaik, and S. Foo. 1997. A framework for realistic image synthesis. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH'97). 477--494. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Hamby. 1994. A review of techniques for parameter sensitivity analysis of environmental models. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 32, 2, 135--154.Google ScholarCross Ref
- D. Hamby. 1995. A comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques. Health Phys. 68, 195--204.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. Hanrahan and W. Krueger. 1993. Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH'93). 165--174. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Hansen, G. Atkinson, L. Smith, and M. Smith. 2010. 3D face reconstructions from photometric stereo using near infrared and visible light. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 114, 942--951. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Hennessy, C. Oh, B. Diffey, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, and J. Rees. 2005. Eumelanin and pheomelanin concentrations in human epidermis before and after uvb irradiation. Pigment Cell Res. 18, 220--223.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Hielscher, S. Jacques, L. Wang, and F. Tittel. 1995. The influence of boundary conditions on the accuracy of diffusion theory in time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy of biological tissues. Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 1957--1975.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. Hunter and R. Harold. 1987. The Measurement of Appearance, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
- T. Igarashi, K. Nishino, and S. K. Nayar. 2007. The appearance of human skin: A survey. Foundat. Trends. Comput. Graph. Vis. 3, 1, 1--95. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. L. Jacques. 1996. Origins of tissue optical properties in the uva, visible, and nir regions. OSA TOPS Adv. Optical Imag. Photon Migrat. 2, 364--369.Google Scholar
- S. L. Jacques, C. A. Alter, and S. A. Prahl. 1987. Angular dependence of HeNe laser light scattering by human dermis. Lasers Life Sci. 1, 309--333.Google Scholar
- J. Jacquez, J. Huss, W. Mckeehan, J. Dimitroff, and H. Kuppenhein. 1955a. Spectral reflectance of human skin in the region 0.7-2.6 μ. J. Appl. Physiol. 8, 297--299.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Jacquez, J. Huss, W. Mckeehan, J. Dimitroff, and H. Kuppenhein. 1955b. Spectral reflectance of human skin in the region 235--700 mμ. J. Appl. Physiol. 8, 212--214.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Jimenez, T. Scully, N. Barbosa, C. Donner, X. Alvarez, T. Vieira, P. Matts, V. Orvalho, D. Gutierrez, and T. Weyrich. 2010. A practical appearance model for dynamic facial color. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 6, 141:1--10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. H. Kim, T. A. Harvey, D. S. Kittle, H. Rushmeier, J. Dorsey, R. Prum, and D. Brady. 2012. 3D Imaging spectroscopy for measuring hyperspectral patterns on solid objects. ACM Trans. Graph. 31, 4, 38:1--11. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. W. Kimmel and G. V. G. Baranoski. 2007. A novel approach for simulating light interaction with particulate materials: Application to the modeling of sand spectral properties. Optics Express 15, 15, 9755--9777.Google ScholarCross Ref
- N. Kollias, R. M. Sayre, L. Zeise, and M. R. Chedekel. 1991. Photoprotection by melanin. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B9, 2, 135--60.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Krishnaswamy and G. V. G. Baranoski. 2004a. A biophysically-based spectral model of light interaction with human skin. Comput. Graph. Forum 23, 3, 331--340.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Krishnaswamy and G. V. G. Baranoski. 2004b. Combining a shared-memory high performance computer and a heterogeneous cluster for the simulation of light interaction with human skin. In Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD'04). P. N. J. Gaudiot, M. L. Pilla, and S. Song, Eds, IEEE Computer Society, 166--171. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Latimer. 1984. A wave-optics effect which enhances light absorption by chlorophyll in vivo. Photochem. Photobiol. 40, 2, 193--199.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. S. Lister. 2013. Simulating the color of port wine stain skin. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, UK http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/352088/1.hasCoversheetVersion/Lister.pdf.Google Scholar
- H. Mahler, J. Kulik, F. Gibbons, M. Gerrad, and J. Harrel. 2003. Effects of appearance-based interventions on sun protection intentions and self-reported behaviors. Health Psychol. 22, 2, 199--209.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. Marschner, S. H. Westin, E. Lafortune, K. Torrance, and D. Greenberg. 1999. Reflectance measurements of human skin. Tech. rep. PCG-99-2, Program of Computer Graphics, Cornell University.Google Scholar
- E. J. Mccartney. 1976. Optics of the Atmosphere: Scattering by Molecules and Particles. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
- S. Merillou and D. Ghazanfarpour. 2008. A survey of aging and weathering phenomena in computer graphics. Comput. Graph. 32, 2, 159--174. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Natural Phenomena Simulation Group (NPSG). 2014. Run hylios online. School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. http://www.npsg.uwaterloo.ca/models/hylios.php.Google Scholar
- C. Ng and L. Li. 2001. A multi-layered reflection model of natural human skin. In Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International Conference (CGI'01). 249--256. Google ScholarDigital Library
- F. Nicodemus, J. Richmond, J. Hsia, I. Ginsberg, and T. Limperis. 1992. Geometrical considerations and nomenclature for reflectance. In Physics-Based Vision Principles and Practice: Radiometry, L. Wolff, S. Shafer, and G. Healey, Eds. Jones and Bartlett, Boston, 94--145. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Nielsen, L. Zhao, J. Stamnes, K. Stamnes, and J. Moan. 2004. Reflectance spectra of pigmented and nonpigmented skin in the uv spectral region. Photochem. Photobiol. 80, 450--455.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. P. Nielsen, L. Zhao, J. J. Stamnes, K. Stamnes, and J. Moan. 2006. The importance of the depth distribution of melanin in skin for DNA protection and other photobiological processes. J. Photochem. Photobio. B. 82, 3, 194--198.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. S. Nunez. 2009. A physical model of human skin and its application for search and rescue. Ph.D. thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.Google Scholar
- R. L. Olson, J. Gaylor, and M. A. Everett. 1973. Skin color, melanin, and erythema. Arch. Dermatol. 108, 4, 541--544.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. Pathak. 1995. Functions of melanin and protection by melanin. In Melanin: Its Role in Human Photoprotection, M. C. L. Zeise and T. Fitzpatrick, Eds, Valdenmar, 125--134.Google Scholar
- S. Prahl. 1988. Light transport in tissue. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Texas at Austin. http://omlc.org/∼prahl/pubs/pdf/prahl88.pdf.Google Scholar
- D. Sandidge. 2009. Digital Infrared Photography Photo Workshop. Wiley. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Schroeder, J. Haendeler, and J. Krutmann. 2008. The role of infrared radiation in photoaging of skin. Experimen. Gerontol. 43, 629--632.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Stam. 2001. An illumination model for a skin layer bounded by rough surfaces. In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques (Eurographics'01). Springer, 39--52. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Stone. 2003. A Field Guide to Digital Color. AK Peters, Natick, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Szabo, A. Gerald, M. Pathak, and T. B. Fitzpatrick. 1969. Racial differences in the fate of melanosomes in human epidermis. Nature 222, 5198, 1081--1082.Google Scholar
- T. S. Trowbridge and K. P. Reitz. 1975. Average irregularity representation of a rough surface for ray reflection. J. Optical Soc. Amer. 65, 5, 531--536.Google ScholarCross Ref
- N. Tsumura, M. Kawabuchi, H. Haneishi, and Y. Miyabe. 2000. Mapping pigmentation in human skin by multi- visible-spectral imaging by inverse optical scattering technique. In Proceedings of the 8th IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference (CIC'00). 81--84.Google Scholar
- V. Tuchin. 2007. Tissue Optics: Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical Diagnosis. SPIE.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. Vrhel, R. Gershon, and L. Iwan. 1994. Measurement and analysis of object reflectance spectra. Color Res. Appl. 19, 1, 4--9.Google ScholarCross Ref
- L. Wang, S. Jacques, and L. Zheng. 1995. MCML -- Monte Carlo modelling of light transport in multi-layered tissues. Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed. 47, 131--146.Google ScholarCross Ref
- T. Weyrich, W. Matusik, H. Pfister, B. Bickel, C. Donner, C. Tu, J. Mcandless, J. Lee, A. Ngan, H. W. Jensen, and M. Gross. 2006. Analysis of human faces using a measurement-based skin reflectance model. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference and Exhibition on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH'06). ACM Press, New York, 1013--1024. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Yang, V. Tuchin, and A. Yaroslavsky. 2009. Principles of light-skin interactions. In Light-Based Therapies for Skin of Color, E. Baron, Ed., Springer, 1--44.Google Scholar
- D. Yim, G. V. G. Baranoski, B. W. Kimmel, T. F. Chen, and E. Miranda. 2012. A cell-based light interaction model for human blood. Comput. Graph. Forum 31, 2, 845--854. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. R. Young. 1997. Chromophores in human skin. Phys. Med. Biol. 42, 5, 789.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Hyperspectral Modeling of Skin Appearance
Recommendations
The beam radiance estimate for volumetric photon mapping
SIGGRAPH '08: ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 classesWe present a new method for efficiently simulating the scattering of light within participating media. Using a theoretical reformulation of volumetric photon mapping, we develop a novel photon gathering technique for participating media. Traditional ...
Efficient Simulation of Light Transport in Scenes with Participating Media Using Photon Maps
Seminal Graphics Papers: Pushing the Boundaries, Volume 2This paper presents a new method for computing global illumination in scenes with participating media. The method is based on bidirectional Monte Carlo ray tracing and uses photon maps to increase efficiency and reduce noise. We remove previous ...
Interactive Display of Isosurfaces with Global Illumination
In many applications, volumetric data sets are examined by displaying isosurfaces, surfaces where the data, or some function of the data, takes on a given value. Interactive applications typically use local lighting models to render such surfaces. This ...
Comments