ABSTRACT
Redirected walking enables the exploration of large virtual environments while requiring only a finite amount of physical space. Unfortunately, in living room sized tracked areas the effectiveness of common redirection algorithms such as Steer-to-Center is very limited. A potential solution is to increase redirection effectiveness by applying two types of perceptual manipulations (curvature and translation gains) simultaneously. This paper investigates how such combination may affect detection thresholds for curvature gain. To this end we analyze the estimation methodology and discuss selection process for a suitable estimation method. We then compare curvature detection thresholds obtained under different levels of translation gain using two different estimation methods: method of constant stimuli and Green's maximum likelihood procedure. The data from both experiments shows no evidence that curvature gain detection thresholds were affected by the presence of translation gain (with test levels spanning previously estimated interval of undetectable translation gain levels). This suggests that in practice currently used levels of translation and curvature gains can be safely applied simultaneously. Furthermore, we present some evidence that curvature detection thresholds may be lower that previously reported. Our estimates indicate that users can be redirected on a circular arc with radius of either 11.6m or 6.4m depending on the estimation method vs. the previously reported value of 22m. These results highlight that the detection threshold estimates vary significantly with the estimation method and suggest the need for further studies to define efficient and reliable estimation methodology.
- Azmandian, M., Grechkin, T., Bolas, M., and Suma, E. 2015. Physical Space Requirements for Redirected Walking: How Size and Shape Affect Performance. In ICAT-EGVE 2015 - International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence and Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments, M. Imura, P. Figueroa, and B. Mohler, Eds., The Eurographics Association. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Azmandian, M., Grechkin, T., Bolas, M., and Suma, E. 2016. The redirected walking toolkit: A unified development and deployment platform for exploring large virtual environments. In 2nd Workshop on Everyday Virtual Reality (WEVR), IEEE.Google Scholar
- Bruder, G., Lubas, P., and Steinicke, F. 2015. Cognitive Resource Demands of Redirected Walking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 21, 4, 539--544.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fründ, I., Haenel, N. V., and Wichmann, F. A. 2011. Inference for psychometric functions in the presence of nonstationary behavior. Journal of Vision 11, 6, Article 16.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Green, D. M. 1993. A maximumlikelihood method for estimating thresholds in a yes-no task. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, 4, 2096--2105.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hodgson, E., and Bachmann, E. 2013. Comparing Four Approaches to Generalized Redirected Walking: Simulation and Live User Data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 19, 4, 634--643. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Interrante, V., Ries, B., and Anderson, L. 2007. Seven league boots: A new metaphor for augmented locomotion through moderately large scale immersive virtual environments. In Symposium on 3D User Interfaces, IEEE, 167--170.Google Scholar
- Jaekl, P. M., Jenkin, M. R., and Harris, L. 2005. Perceiving a stable world during active rotational and translational head movements. Experimental Brain Research 163, 3, 388--399.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jerald, J., Peck, T., Steinicke, F., and Whitton, M. 2008. Sensitivity to scene motion for phases of head yaws. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization, APGV '08, ACM, 155--162. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kallie, C. S., Schrater, P. R., and Legge, G. E. 2007. Variability in stepping direction explains the veering behavior of blind walkers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 33, 1, 183--20.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., and Lilienthal, M. G. 1993. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An Enhanced Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 3, 3, 203--220.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Klein, S. 2001. Measuring, estimating, and understanding the psychometric function: A commentary. Perception & Psychophysics 63, 8, 1421--1455.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Leek, M. R. 2001. Adaptive procedures in psychophysical research. Perception & Psychophysics 63, 8, 1279--1292.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Neth, C. T., Souman, J. L., Engel, D., Kloos, U., Bulthoff, H. H., and Mohler, B. J. 2012. Velocity-Dependent Dynamic Curvature Gain for Redirected Walking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 18, 7, 1041--1052. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Razzaque, S. 2005. Redirected Walking. PhD thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ruddle, R. A., and Lessels, S. 2009. The benefits of using a walking interface to navigate virtual environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 16, 1, 5:1--5:18. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ruddle, R. A., Volkova, E., and Bülthoff, H. H. 2011. Walking improves your cognitive map in environments that are large-scale and large in extent. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 18, 2, 10:1--10:20. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shen, Y., and Richards, V. M. 2012. A maximum-likelihood procedure for estimating psychometric functions: Thresholds, slopes, and lapses of attention. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132, 2, 957--967.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Souman, J. L., Frissen, I., Sreenivasa, M. N., and Ernst, M. O. 2009. Walking Straight into Circles. Current Biology 19, 18, 1538--1542.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Steinicke, F., Bruder, G., Hinrichs, K., Jerald, J., Frenz, H., and Lappe., M. 2009. Real walking through virtual environments by redirection techniques. Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting 6, Article 2.Google Scholar
- Steinicke, F., Bruder, G., Jerald, J., Frenz, H., and Lappe, M. 2010. Estimation of Detection Thresholds for Redirected Walking Techniques. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 16, 1, 17--27. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Suma, E., Finkelstein, S., Reid, M., Babu, S., Ulinski, A., and Hodges, L. F. 2010. Evaluation of the cognitive effects of travel technique in complex real and virtual environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 16, 4, 690--702. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Suma, E. A., Bruder, G., Steinicke, F., Krum, D. M., and Bolas, M. 2012. A taxonomy for deploying redirection techniques in immersive virtual environments. In 2012 IEEE Virtual Reality Workshops (VRW), IEEE, 43--46. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Usoh, M., Arthur, K., Whitton, M. C., Bastos, R., Steed, A., Slater, M., and Brooks Jr., F. P. 1999. Walking > Walking-in-place > Flying, in Virtual Environments. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH '99, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 359--364. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Revisiting detection thresholds for redirected walking: combining translation and curvature gains
Recommendations
Redirected walking to explore virtual environments: Assessing the potential for spatial interference
Redirected walking has gained popularity in recent years as a way of enhancing the safety of users immersed in a virtual reality simulation and of extending the amount of space that can be simulated in a virtual environment (VE). Limits imposed by the ...
Strafing Gain: A Novel Redirected Walking Technique
SUI '19: Symposium on Spatial User InteractionRedirected walking enables natural locomotion in virtual environments that are larger than the user’s real world space. However, in complex setups with physical obstacles, existing redirection techniques that were originally designed for empty spaces ...
The effects of spatial configuration on relative translation gain thresholds in redirected walking
AbstractIn this study, we explore how spatial configurations can be reflected in determining the threshold range of Relative Translation Gains (RTGs), a translation gain-based Redirected Walking (RDW) technique that scales the user’s movement in Virtual ...
Comments