J. F. Kelley
ABSTRACT
A six-step, iterative, empirical, human factors design methodology was used to develop CAL,a natural language computer application to help computer-naive business professionals manage their personal calendars. Language is processed by a simple, non-parsing algorithm having limited storage requirements and a quick response time. CAL allows unconstrained English inputs from users with no training (except for a 5 minute introduction to the keyboard and display) and no manual (except for a two-page overview of the system). In a controlled test of performance, CAL correctly responded to between 86% and 97% of the inputs it received, according to various criteria. This research demonstrates that the methodological tools of the engineering psychologist can help build user-friendly software that accommodates the unruly language of computer-naive, first-time users by eliciting the cooperation of such users as partners in an iterative, empirical development process.
The principal purpose of the research reported here was to design and test a systematic, empirical methodology for developing natural language computer applications. This paper describes that methodology and its successful use in the development of a natural language computer application: CAL,Calendar Access Language. The limited context or domain in which the application operates is the management of a personal calendar, or appointment book, data base by computer-naive business professionals.
- 1.Kelley, J.F. & Chapanis, A. How professional persons keep their calendars: Implications for computerization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1982, 55, 241-256.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- 2.Kelley, J.F. Natural Language and computers: Six empirical steps for writing an easy-to-use computer application. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, 1983a. (Can be obtained from University Microfilms International; 300 North Zeeb Road; Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106.)Google Scholar
- 3.Kelley, J.F. CAL—Calendar Access Language: An APL Program for processing natural language. (IBM Research Report in press), 1983b.Google Scholar
- 4.Winograd, T. Understanding Natural Language. New York: Academic Press, 1976. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 5.Woods, W.A. The LUNAR sciences natural language information processing system: Final report. Cambridge: Bolt, Beranek & Newman, Inc., 1972.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- An empirical methodology for writing user-friendly natural language computer applications
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