Alberto Cerpa
Deborah Estrin
Abstract
As new fabrication and integration technologies reduce the cost and size of micro-sensors and wireless interfaces, it becomes feasible to deploy densely distributed wireless networks of sensors and actuators. These systems promise to revolutionize biological, earth, and environmental monitoring applications, providing data at granularities unrealizable by other means. In addition to the challenges of miniaturization, new system architectures and new network algorithms must be developed to transform the vast quantity of raw sensor data into a manageable stream of high-level data. To address this, we propose a tiered system architecture in which data collected at numerous, inexpensive sensor nodes is filtered by local processing on its way through to larger, more capable and more expensive nodes.We briefly describe Habitat monitoring as our motivating application and introduce initial system building blocks designed to support this application. The remainder of the paper presents details of our experimental platform.
- {Abelson99} H. Abelson, D. Allen, D. Coore, C. Hanson, G. Homsy, T. Knight, R. Nagpal, E. Rauch, G. Sussman and R. Weiss, "Amorphous Computing", MIT AI Memo 1665, August 1999.Google Scholar
- {Colwell98} Colwell, Rita, 1998. Testimony of Dr. Rita Colwell, Director, NSF, Before the Basic Research Subcommittee, House Science Committee, Hearing on Remote Sensing as a Research and Management Tool. 9/28/1998.http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/congress/rc80928.htmGoogle Scholar
- {Estrin-etal.99} Deborah Estrin, Ramesh Govindan, John Heidemann and Satish Kumar "Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Networks", ACM MobiCom 99, August 99, Seattle, WA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- {Gell-Mann95} Gell-Mann, Murray. 1995. What Is Complexity? Complexity, Vol. 1, no. 1 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
- {Hamilton00} Hamilton, Michael P. 2000. Hummercams, Robots, and the Virtual Reserve. Directors Notebook, James San Jacinto Mountains Reserve web site. February 6, 2000. http://www.jamesreserve.edu/news.htmlGoogle Scholar
- {Hamilton-Flaxman92} Hamilton, M. P. and M. Flaxman. 1992. Scientific data visualization and biological diversity: new tools for spatializing multimedia observations of species and ecosystems. Landscape and Urban Planning. 21:285--297.Google Scholar
- {Intanago-et.al.00} Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., Estrin, D. "Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks", ACM MobiCom 2000, August 00, Boston, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- {Keitt-etal97} Keitt, T. H., D. L. Urban, and B. T. Milne. 1997. Detecting critical scales in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Ecology {online}1(1): 4. Available from the Internet. http://www.consecol.org/vol1/iss1/art4Google Scholar
- {Lohr-etal95} Lohr, S. A., P. G. Connors, J. A. Stanford and J. S. Clegg. 1995. A New Horizon for Biological Field Stations and Marine Laboratories. Miscellaneous Publication 3, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 36 pp.Google Scholar
- {Mataric95} Maja J. Mataric, "Issues and Approaches in the Design of Collective Autonomous Agents", Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 16(2--4), Dec 1995, pp. 321--331Google ScholarCross Ref
- {Michener-etal98} Michener, W.K., J,H. Porter and S.G. Stafford. 1998. Data and Information Management in the Ecological Sciences: A Resource Guide. LTER Network Office, Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque 138 pp. (DIMES report) http://www.lternet.edu/ecoinformatics/guide/frame.htmGoogle Scholar
- {Mills94} David L. Mills. Internet Time Synchronization: The Network Time Protocol. In Zhonghua Yang and T. Anthony Marsland, editors, Global States and Time in Distributed Systems. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994.Google ScholarDigital Library
- {Pister99} J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz and K. S. J. Pister, "Mobile Networking for Smart Dust", ACM/IEEE Intl. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 99), Seattle, WA, August 17--19, 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- {Pottie-Kaiser00} G. Pottie and W. Kaiser, "Wireless Sensor Networks", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 5, May 2000, pp. 51--58 Google ScholarDigital Library
- {Sukhatme99} Gaurav S. Sukhatme, James F. Montgomery, and Maja J. Mataric, "Design and Implementation of a Mechanically Heterogeneous Robot Group", Proceedings of Mobile Robots XIV - SPIE 99, Boston, MAGoogle Scholar
- {Sukhatme00} Gaurav S. Sukhatme and Maja J. Mataric, "Embedding Robots into the Internet", Communications of the ACM, May 2000, 43(5), pp. 67--73 Google ScholarDigital Library
- {Walker-Steffen97} Walker, B., and W. Steffen. 1997. An overview of the implications of global change for natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation Ecology {online} 1(2) http://www.consecol.org/voll/iss2/art2Google Scholar
- {RDD} Radiometrix device drivers, http://www.circlemud.org/jelson/software/radiometrixGoogle Scholar
- {EML} Emlog Software Package, http://www.circlemud.org/jelson/software/emlogGoogle Scholar
- {PAR} Parapin PC Pin Control Library http://www.circlemud.org/jelson/software/parapinGoogle Scholar
- {RPC} Radio Packet Controller, http://www.radiometrix.comGoogle Scholar
- {104} PC104 Consortium, http://www.pc104.orgGoogle Scholar
- {PAL} 3COM Palm Pilot Devices, http://www.palm.comGoogle Scholar
- {TIN} TINI: Tiny InterNet Interface, Ibutton, http://www.ibutton.com/TINI/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
- {UCS} Embedded Linux/Microcontroller Project, http://www.uclinux.com/Google Scholar
- {CCL} CCLinux: The Minimal Linux Distribution, http://www.cosmicchaos.com/CClinux/index.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Recommendations
Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02: Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applicationsWe provide an in-depth study of applying wireless sensor networks to real-world habitat monitoring. A set of system design requirements are developed that cover the hardware design of the nodes, the design of the sensor network, and the capabilities for ...
Habitat monitoring: application driver for wireless communications technology
SIGCOMM LA '01: Workshop on Data communication in Latin America and the CaribbeanAs new fabrication and integration technologies reduce the cost and size of micro-sensors and wireless interfaces, it becomes feasible to deploy densely distributed wireless networks of sensors and actuators. These systems promise to revolutionize ...
Hallway monitoring with sensor networks
SenSys '09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor SystemsWe present a sensor network that monitors a hallway. It consists of 180 load sensors connected to 30 wireless sensor nodes, where the setup is of extremely low cost and easily transferred to other settings. Our network serves as a testbed for in-network ...
Comments