Electroanalysis at the Nanoscale

Literature Cited

1. Arrigan DWM.1.  2004. Nanoelectrodes, nanoelectrode arrays and their applications. Analyst 129:1157–65 [Google Scholar]
2. Chen SL, Kucernak A. 2.  2002. Fabrication of carbon microelectrodes with an effective radius of 1 nm. Electrochem. Commun. 4:80–85 [Google Scholar]
3. Murray RW.3.  2008. Nanoelectrochemistry: metal nanoparticles, nanoelectrodes, and nanopores. Chem. Rev. 108:2688–720 [Google Scholar]
4. Batchelor-McAuley C, Dickinson EJF, Rees NV, Toghill KE, Compton RG. 4.  2012. New electrochemical methods. Anal. Chem. 84:669–84 [Google Scholar]
5. Morris RB, Franta DJ, White HS. 5.  1987. Electrochemistry at platinum bane electrodes of width approaching molecular dimensions: breakdown of transport equations at very small electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. 91:3559–64 [Google Scholar]
6. Cox JT, Zhang B. 6.  2012. Nanoelectrodes: recent advances and new directions. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 5:253–72 [Google Scholar]
7. Zevenbergen MAG, Singh PS, Goluch ED, Wolfrum BL, Lemay SG. 7.  2011. Stochastic sensing of single molecules in a nanofluidic electrochemical device. Nano Lett. 11:2881–86 [Google Scholar]
8. Singh PS, Chan HSM, Kang S, Lemay SG. 8.  2011. Stochastic amperometric fluctuations as a probe for dynamic adsorption in nanofluidic electrochemical systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133:18289–95 [Google Scholar]
9. Katemann BB, Schuhmann T. 9.  2002. Fabrication and characterization of needle-type.. Electroanalysis 14:22–28 [Google Scholar]
10. Watkins JJ, Chen JY, White HS, Abruna HD, Maisonhaute E, Amatore C. 10.  2003. Zeptomole voltammetric detection and electron-transfer rate measurements using platinum electrodes of nanometer dimensions. Anal. Chem. 75:3962–71 [Google Scholar]
11. Godino N, Borrise X, Munoz FX, del Campo FJ, Compton RG. 11.  2009. Mass transport to nanoelectrode arrays and limitations of the diffusion domain approach: theory and experiment. J. Phys. Chem. C 113:11119–25 [Google Scholar]
12. White RJ, White HS. 12.  2008. Electrochemistry in nanometer-wide electrochemical cells. Langmuir 24:2850–55 [Google Scholar]
13. Sun P, Mirkin MV. 13.  2006. Kinetics of electron-transfer reactions at nanoelectrodes. Anal. Chem. 78:6526–34 [Google Scholar]
14. Rassaei L, Singh PS, Lemay SG. 14.  2011. Lithography-based nanoelectrochemistry. Anal. Chem. 83:3974–80 [Google Scholar]
15. Dawson K, Wahl A, Murphy R, O'Riordan A. 15.  2012. Electroanalysis at single gold nanowire electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 116:14665–73 [Google Scholar]
16. Freeman NJ, Sultana R, Reza N, Woodvine H, Terry JG. 16.  et al. 2013. Comparison of the performance of an array of nanoband electrodes with a macro electrode with similar overall area. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15:8112–18 [Google Scholar]
17. Gubala V, Harris LF, Ricco AJ, Tan MX, Williams DE. 17.  2011. Point of care diagnostics: status and future. Anal. Chem. 84:487–515 [Google Scholar]
18. Oja SM, Wood M, Zhang B. 18.  2012. Nanoscale electrochemistry. Anal. Chem. 85:2473–86 [Google Scholar]
19. Lanyon YH, De Marzi G, Watson YE, Quinn AJ, Gleeson JP. 19.  et al. 2007. Fabrication of nanopore array electrodes by focused ion beam milling. Anal. Chem. 79:3048–55 [Google Scholar]
20. Guerrette JP, Percival SJ, Zhang B. 20.  2011. Voltammetric behavior of gold nanotrench electrodes. Langmuir 27:12218–25 [Google Scholar]
21. Krapf D, Wu MY, Smeets RMM, Zandbergen HW, Dekker C, Lemay SG. 21.  2006. Fabrication and characterization of nanopore-based electrodes with radii down to 2 nm. Nano Lett. 6:105–9 [Google Scholar]
22. Conyers JL, White HS. 22.  2000. Electrochemical characterization of electrodes with submicrometer dimensions. Anal. Chem. 72:4441–46 [Google Scholar]
23. Shao YH, Mirkin MV, Fish G, Kokotov S, Palanker D, Lewis A. 23.  1997. Nanometer-sized electrochemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 69:1627–34 [Google Scholar]
24. White RJ, White HS. 24.  2008. Electrochemistry in nanometer-wide electrochemical cells. Langmuir 24:62850–55 [Google Scholar]
25. White RJ, White HS. 25.  2005. A random walk through electron-transfer kinetics. Anal. Chem. 77:214A–20 [Google Scholar]
26. Hood SJ, Kampouris DK, Kadara RO, Jenkinson N, del Campo FJ. 26.  et al. 2009. Why ‘the bigger the better’ is not always the case when utilising microelectrode arrays: high density versus low density arrays for the electroanalytical sensing of chromium(VI). Analyst 134:2301–5 [Google Scholar]
27. Lanyon YH, Arrigan DWM. 27.  2007. Recessed nanoband electrodes fabricated by focused ion beam milling. Sens. Actuators B 121:341–47 [Google Scholar]
28. Xiao L, Streeter I, Wildgoose GG, Compton RG. 28.  2008. Fabricating random arrays of boron doped diamond nano-disc electrodes: towards achieving maximum Faradaic current with minimum capacitive charging. Sens. Actuators B 133:118–27 [Google Scholar]
29. Amatore C, Saveant JM, Tessier D. 29.  1983. Charge-transfer at partially blocked surfaces—a model for the case of microscopic active and inactive sites. J. Electroanal. Chem. 147:39–51 [Google Scholar]
30. Wahl A, Dawson K, MacHale J, Barry S, Quinn A, O'Riordan A. 30.  2013. Gold nanowire electrodes in array: simulation study and experiments. Faraday Discuss. 164:377–90 [Google Scholar]
31. Menshykau D, Huang XJ, Rees NV, del Campo FJ, Munoz FX, Compton RG. 31.  2009. Investigating the concept of diffusional independence. Potential step transients at nano- and micro-electrode arrays: theory and experiment. Analyst 134:343–48 [Google Scholar]
32. Woodvine HL, Terry JG, Walton AJ, Mount AR. 32.  2010. The development and characterisation of square microfabricated electrode systems. Analyst 135:1058–65 [Google Scholar]
33. Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. 33.  2001. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications New York: Wiley
34. Cutress IJ, Dickinson EJF, Compton RG. 34.  2010. Analysis of commercial general engineering finite element software in electrochemical simulations. J. Electroanal. Chem. 638:76–83 [Google Scholar]
35. Molina A, Gonzalez J, Henstridge MC, Compton RG. 35.  2011. Voltammetry of electrochemically reversible systems at electrodes of any geometry: a general, explicit analytical characterization. J. Phys. Chem. C 115:4054–62 [Google Scholar]
36. Henstridge MC, Compton RG. 36.  2012. Mass Transport to micro- and nanoelectrodes and their arrays: a review. Chem. Rec. 12:63–71 [Google Scholar]
37. Davies TJ, Ward-Jones S, Banks CE, del Campo J, Mas R. 37.  et al. 2005. The cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry of regular arrays of microdisc electrodes: fitting of experimental data. J. Electroanal. Chem. 585:51–62 [Google Scholar]
38. Davies TJ, Compton RG. 38.  2005. The cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry of regular and random arrays of microdisc electrodes: Theory. J. Electroanal. Chem. 585:63–82 [Google Scholar]
39. Ordeig O, del Campo J, Munoz FX, Banks CE, Compton RG. 39.  2007. Electroanalysis utilizing amperometric microdisk electrode arrays. Electroanalysis 19:1973–86 [Google Scholar]
40. Ongaro M, Ugo P. 40.  2013. Bioelectroanalysis with nanoelectrode ensembles and arrays. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405:3715–29 [Google Scholar]
41. Ma C, Contento NM, Gibson LR, Bohn PW. 41.  2013. Redox cycling in nanoscale-recessed ring-disk electrode arrays for enhanced electrochemical sensitivity. ACS Nano 7:5483–90 [Google Scholar]
42. Goluch ED, Wolfrum B, Singh PS, Zevenbergen MAG, Lemay SG. 42.  2009. Redox cycling in nanofluidic channels using interdigitated electrodes. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394:447–56 [Google Scholar]
43. Barry S, Dawson K, Correa E, Goodacre R, O'Riordan A. 43.  2013. Highly sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives at discrete nanowire arrays. Faraday Discuss. 164:283–93 [Google Scholar]
44. Ueno K, Hayashida M, Ye J-Y, Misawa H. 44.  2005. Fabrication and electrochemical characterization of interdigitated nanoelectrode arrays. Electrochem. Commun. 7:161–65 [Google Scholar]
45. Paixao T, Richter EM, Brito-Neto JGA, Bertotti M. 45.  2006. Fabrication of a new generator-collector electrochemical micro-device: characterization and applications. Electrochem. Commun. 8:9–14 [Google Scholar]
46. Xia YN, Whitesides GM. 46.  1996. Shadowed sputtering of gold on V-shaped microtrenches etched in silicon and applications in microfabrication. Adv. Mater. 8:765–68 [Google Scholar]
47. Boncheva M, Ferrigno R, Bruzewicz DA, Whitesides GM. 47.  2003. Plasticity in self-assembly: templating generates functionally different circuits from a single precursor. Angew. Chem. 42:3368–71 [Google Scholar]
48. Parviz BA, Ryan D, Whitesides GM. 48.  2003. Using self-assembly for the fabrication of nano-scale electronic and photonic devices. IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 26:233–41 [Google Scholar]
49. Cui Y, Duan XF, Hu JT, Lieber CM. 49.  2000. Doping and electrical transport in silicon nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. B 104:5213–16 [Google Scholar]
50. Huang Y, Duan XF, Wei QQ, Lieber CM. 50.  2001. Directed assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures into functional networks. Science 291:630–33 [Google Scholar]
51. O'Riordan A, Iacopino D, Lovera P, Floyd L, Reynolds K, Redmond G. 51.  2011. Dielectrophoretic self-assembly of polarized light emitting poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) nanofibre arrays. Nanotechnology 22:105602 [Google Scholar]
52. Heller I, Kong J, Heering HA, Williams KA, Lemay SG, Dekker C. 52.  2005. Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes as nanoelectrodes for electrochemistry. Nano Lett. 5:137–42 [Google Scholar]
53. Martinez JA, Misra N, Wang YM, Stroeve P, Grigoropoulos CP, Noy A. 53.  2009. Highly efficient biocompatible single silicon nanowire electrodes with functional biological pore channels. Nano Lett. 9:1121–26 [Google Scholar]
54. Mai L, Xu L, Gao Q, Han C, Hu B, Pi Y. 54.  2010. Single β-AgVO₃ nanowire H₂S sensor. Nano Lett. 10:2604–8 [Google Scholar]
55. Mai L, Xu X, Han C, Luo Y, Xu L. 55.  et al. 2011. Rational synthesis of silver vanadium oxides/polyaniline triaxial nanowires with enhanced electrochemical property. Nano Lett. 11:4992–96 [Google Scholar]
56. Mai LQ, Dong YJ, Xu L, Han CH. 56.  2010. Single nanowire electrochemical devices. Nano Lett. 10:4273–78 [Google Scholar]
57. Xu QB, Rioux RM, Dickey MD, Whitesides GM. 57.  2008. Nanoskiving: a new method to produce arrays of nanostructures. Acc. Chem. Res. 41:1566–77 [Google Scholar]
58. Xu QB, Perez-Castillejos R, Li ZF, Whitesides GM. 58.  2006. Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio metallic nanostructures using nanoskiving. Nano Lett. 6:2163–65 [Google Scholar]
59. Xu QB, Bao JM, Rioux RM, Perez-Castillejos R, Capasso F, Whitesides GM. 59.  2007. Fabrication of large-area patterned nanostructures for optical applications by nanoskiving. Nano Lett. 7:2800–5 [Google Scholar]
60. Dickey MD, Lipomi DJ, Bracher PJ, Whitesides GM. 60.  2008. Electrically addressable parallel nanowires with 30 nm spacing from micromolding and nanoskiving. Nano Lett. 8:4568–73 [Google Scholar]
61. Wiley BJ, Lipomi DJ, Bao JM, Capasso F, Whitesides GM. 61.  2008. Fabrication of surface plasmon resonators by nanoskiving single-crystalline gold microplates. Nano Lett. 8:3023–28 [Google Scholar]
62. Dawson K, Strutwolf J, Herzog G, Arrigan DWM, Quinn AJ, O'Riordan A. 62.  2010. Nanofabrication of robust nanoelectrodes for electrochemical applications. ECS Trans. 28:29–37 [Google Scholar]
63. Dawson K, Strutwolf J, Rodgers KP, Herzog G, Arrigan DWM. 63.  et al. 2011. Single nanoskived nanowires for electrochemical applications. Anal. Chem. 83:5535–40 [Google Scholar]
64. Berduque A, Lanyon YH, Beni V, Herzog G, Watson YE. 64.  et al. 2007. Voltammetric characterisation of silicon-based microelectrode arrays and their application to mercury-free stripping voltammetry of copper ions. Talanta 71:1022–30 [Google Scholar]
65. Menke EJ, Thompson MA, Xiang C, Yang LC, Penner RM. 65.  2006. Lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition. Nat. Mater. 5:914–19 [Google Scholar]
66. Xiang CX, Yang YG, Penner RM. 66.  2009. Cheating the diffraction limit: electrodeposited nanowires patterned by photolithography. Chem. Commun. 2009:859–73 [Google Scholar]
67. Kung SC, Xing W, Donavan KC, Yang F, Penner RM. 67.  2010. Photolithographically patterned silver nanowire electrodeposition. Electrochim. Acta 55:8074–80 [Google Scholar]
68. Xiang C, Guell AG, Brown MA, Kim JY, Hemminger JC, Penner RM. 68.  2008. Coupled electrooxidation and electrical conduction in a single gold nanowire. Nano Lett. 8:3017–22 [Google Scholar]
69. Tyagi P, Postetter D, Saragnese DL, Randall CL, Mirski MA, Gracias DH. 69.  2009. Patternable nanowire sensors for electrochemical recording of dopamine. Anal. Chem. 81:9979–84 [Google Scholar]
70. Kung SC, van der Veer WE, Yang F, Donavan KC, Penner RM. 70.  2010. 20 μs photocurrent response from lithographically patterned nanocrystalline cadmium selenide nanowires. Nano Lett. 10:1481–85 [Google Scholar]
71. Halpern AR, Donavan KC, Penner RM, Corn RM. 71.  2012. Wafer-scale fabrication of nanofluidic arrays and networks using nanoimprint lithography and lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition gold nanowire masters. Anal. Chem. 84:5053–58 [Google Scholar]
72. Chen YL, Kung SC, Taggart DK, Halpern AR, Penner RM, Corn RM. 72.  2010. Fabricating nanoscale DNA patterns with gold nanowires. Anal. Chem. 82:3365–70 [Google Scholar]
73. Heo JI, Shim DS, Teixidor GT, Oh S, Madou MJ, Shin H. 73.  2011. Carbon interdigitated array nanoelectrodes for electrochemical applications. J. Electrochem. Soc. 158:J76–80 [Google Scholar]
74. Valsesia A, Lisboa P, Colpo P, Rossi F. 74.  2006. Fabrication of polypyrrole-based nanoelectrode arrays by colloidal lithography. Anal. Chem. 78:7588–91 [Google Scholar]
75. Cheng WL, Dong SJ, Wang EK. 75.  2002. Colloid chemical approach to nanoelectrode ensembles with highly controllable active area fraction. Anal. Chem. 74:3599–604 [Google Scholar]
76. Cui RJ, Liu C, Shen JM, Gao D, Zhu JJ, Chen HY. 76.  2008. Gold nanoparticle-colloidal carbon nanosphere hybrid material: preparation, characterization, and application for an amplified electrochemical immunoassay. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18:2197–204 [Google Scholar]
77. Li HQ, Wu NQ. 77.  2008. A large-area nanoscale gold hemisphere pattern as a nanoelectrode array. Nanotechnology 19:275301 [Google Scholar]
78. Branagan SP, Contento NM, Bohn PW. 78.  2012. Enhanced mass transport of electroactive species to annular nanoband electrodes embedded in nanocapillary array membranes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134:8617–24 [Google Scholar]
79. Rauf S, Shiddiky MJA, Asthana A, Dimitrov K. 79.  2012. Fabrication and characterization of gold nanohole electrode arrays. Sens. Actuators B 173:491–96 [Google Scholar]
80. Rauf S, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. 80.  2013. ‘Drill and fill’ lithography for controlled fabrication of 3D platinum electrodes. Sens. Actuators B 185:543–47 [Google Scholar]
81. Keebaugh S, Kalkan AK, Nam WJ, Fonash SJ. 81.  2006. Gold nanowires for the detection of elemental and ionic mercury. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 9:H88–91 [Google Scholar]
82. Dawson K, Baudequin M, O'Riordan A. 82.  2011. Single on-chip gold nanowires for electrochemical biosensing of glucose. Analyst 136:4507–13 [Google Scholar]
83. Kleijn SEF, Yanson AI, Koper MTM. 83.  2012. Electrochemical characterization of nano-sized gold electrodes fabricated by nano-lithography. J. Electroanal. Chem. 666:19–24 [Google Scholar]
84. Singh KV, Bhura DK, Nandamuri G, Whited AM, Evans D. 84.  et al. 2011. Nanoparticle-enhanced sensitivity of a nanogap-interdigitated electrode array impedimetric biosensor. Langmuir 27:13931–39 [Google Scholar]
85. Dawson K, Baudequin M, Sassiat N, Quinn AJ, O'Riordan A. 85.  2013. Electroanalysis at discrete arrays of gold nanowire electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 101:169–76 [Google Scholar]
86. Du RB, Ssenyange S, Aktary M, McDermott MT. 86.  2009. Fabrication and characterization of graphitic carbon nanostructures with controllable size, shape, and position. Small 5:1162–68 [Google Scholar]
87. Wolfrum B, Zevenbergen M, Lemay S. 87.  2008. Nanofluidic redox cycling amplification for the selective detection of catechol. Anal. Chem. 80:972–77 [Google Scholar]
88. Zevenbergen MAG, Wolfrum BL, Goluch ED, Singh PS, Lemay SG. 88.  2009. Fast electron-transfer kinetics probed in nanofluidic channels. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131:11471–77 [Google Scholar]
89. Rassaei L, Mathwig K, Goluch ED, Lemay SG. 89.  2012. Hydrodynamic voltammetry with nanogap electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 116:10913–16 [Google Scholar]
90. Kaetelhoen E, Hofmann B, Lemay SG, Zevenbergen MAG, Offenhaeusser A, Wolfrum B. 90.  2010. Nanocavity redox cycling sensors for the detection of dopamine fluctuations in microfluidic gradients. Anal. Chem. 82:8502–9 [Google Scholar]
91. Ronkainen NJ, Halsall HB, Heineman WR. 91.  2010. Electrochemical biosensors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39:1747–63 [Google Scholar]
92. Jena BK, Percival SJ, Zhang B. 92.  2010. Au disk nanoelectrode by electrochemical deposition in a nanopore. Anal. Chem. 82:6737–43 [Google Scholar]
93. Adam V, Baloun J, Fabrik I, Trnkova L, Kizek R. 93.  2008. An electrochemical detection of metallothioneins at the zeptomole level in nanolitre volumes. Sensors 8:2293–305 [Google Scholar]
94. Zhang X, Li D, Bourgeois L, Wang H, Webley PA. 94.  2009. Direct electrodeposition of porous gold nanowire arrays for biosensing applications. ChemPhysChem 10:436–41 [Google Scholar]
95. Zhang X, Wang H, Bourgeois L, Pan R, Zhao D, Webley PA. 95.  2008. Direct electrodeposition of gold nanotube arrays for sensing applications. J. Mater. Chem. 18:463–67 [Google Scholar]
96. Salimi A, Hallaj R, Soltanian S, Mamkhezri H. 96.  2007. Nanomolar detection of hydrogen peroxide on glassy carbon electrode modified with electrodeposited cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Anal. Chim. Acta 594:24–31 [Google Scholar]
97. Karyakin AA, Puganova EA, Budashov IA, Kurochkin IN, Karyakina EE. 97.  et al. 2004. Prussian Blue based nanoelectrode arrays for H₂O₂ detection. Anal. Chem. 76:474–78 [Google Scholar]
98. Li J, Qiu JD, Xu JJ, Chen HY, Xia XH. 98.  2007. The synergistic effect of Prussian-Blue-grafted carbon nanotube/poly(4-vinylpyridine) composites for amperometric sensing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17:1574–80 [Google Scholar]
99. Luo XL, Xu JJ, Zhang Q, Yang GJ, Chen HY. 99.  2005. Electrochemically deposited chitosan hydrogel for horseradish peroxidase immobilization through gold nanoparticles self-assembly. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21:190–96 [Google Scholar]
100. Shi AW, Qu FL, Yang MH, Shen GL, Yu RQ. 100.  2008. Amperometric H₂O₂ biosensor based on poly-thionine nanowire/HRP/nano-Au-modified glassy carbon electrode. Sens. Actuators B 129:779–83 [Google Scholar]
101. Guo SJ, Wen D, Dong SJ, Wang EK. 101.  2009. Gold nanowire assembling architecture for H₂O₂ electrochemical sensor. Talanta 77:1510–17 [Google Scholar]
102. Schwank J.102.  1983. Catalytic gold: applications of elemental gold in heterogeneous catalysis. Gold Bull. 16:103–10 [Google Scholar]
103. Galik M, O'Mahony AM, Wang J. 103.  2011. Cyclic and square-wave voltammetric signatures of nitro-containing explosives. Electroanalysis 23:1193–204 [Google Scholar]
104. Wang GF, Wei Y, Zhang W, Zhang XJ, Fang B, Wang L. 104.  2010. Enzyme-free amperometric sensing of glucose using Cu-CuO nanowire composites. Microchim. Acta 168:87–92 [Google Scholar]
105. Luo L, Li F, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Ding Y, Deng D. 105.  2012. Non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on MnO2-ordered mesoporous carbon composite modified electrode. Electrochim. Acta 77:179–83 [Google Scholar]
106. Rahman MM, Ahammad AJS, Jin JH, Ahn SJ, Lee JJ. 106.  2010. A comprehensive review of glucose biosensors based on nanostructured metal-oxides. Sensors 10:4855–86 [Google Scholar]
107. Su S, Wei XP, Guo YY, Zhong YL, Su YY. 107.  et al. 2013. A silicon nanowire-based electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and electrocatalytic activity. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 30:326–31 [Google Scholar]
108. Jamal M, Hasan M, Mathewson A, Razeeb KM. 108.  2013. Disposable sensor based on enzyme-free Ni nanowire array electrode to detect glutamate. Biosens. Bioelectron. 40:213–18 [Google Scholar]
109. Wang Y, Xu H, Zhang JM, Li G. 109.  2008. Electrochemical sensors for clinic analysis. Sensors 8:2043–81 [Google Scholar]
110. Delvaux M, Demoustier-Champagne S. 110.  2003. Immobilisation of glucose oxidase within metallic nanotubes arrays for application to enzyme biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18:943–51 [Google Scholar]
111. Jimenez J, Sheparovych R, Pita M, Narvaez Garcia A, Dominguez E. 111.  et al. 2008. Magneto-induced self-assembling of conductive nanowires for biosensor applications. J. Phys. Chem. C 112:7337–44 [Google Scholar]
112. Aravamudhan S, Ramgir NS, Bhansah S. 112.  2007. Electrochemical biosensor for targeted detection in blood using aligned Au nanowires. Sens. Actuators B 127:29–35 [Google Scholar]
113. Gopalan AI, Lee KP, Ragupathy D. 113.  2009. Development of a stable cholesterol biosensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-gold nanoparticles composite covered with a layer of chitosan-room-temperature ionic liquid network. Biosens. Bioelectron. 24:2211–17 [Google Scholar]
114. Huang JS, Wang DW, Hou HQ, You TY. 114.  2008. Electrospun palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofibers and their electrocatalytic activities towards hydrogen peroxide and NADH. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18:441–48 [Google Scholar]
115. Wilson MS, Nie WY. 115.  2006. Electrochemical multianalyte immunoassays using an array-based sensor. Anal. Chem. 78:2507–13 [Google Scholar]
116. Yang LJ, Li YB, Erf GF. 116.  2004. Interdigitated array microelectrode-based electrochemical impedance immunosensor for detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Anal. Chem. 76:1107–13 [Google Scholar]
117. Islam MM, Ueno K, Misawa H. 117.  2010. Redox cycling effect on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering signal of crystal violet molecules at nanostructured interdigitated array electrodes. Anal. Sci. 26:19–24 [Google Scholar]
118. Singh KV, Whited AM, Ragineni Y, Barrett TW, King J, Solanki R. 118.  2010. 3D nanogap interdigitated electrode array biosensors. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 397:1493–502 [Google Scholar]
119. Arya SK, Chornokur G, Venugopal M, Bhansali S. 119.  2010. Antibody functionalized interdigitated mu-electrode (ID mu E) based impedimetric cortisol biosensor. Analyst 135:1941–46 [Google Scholar]
120. Viswanathan S, Rani C, Anand AV, Ho JAA. 120.  2009. Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen using ferrocene liposomes and MWCNT screen-printed electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 24:1984–89 [Google Scholar]
121. Du D, Wang J, Lu D, Dohnalkova A, Lin Y. 121.  2011. Multiplexed electrochemical immunoassay of phosphorylated proteins based on enzyme-functionalized gold nanorod labels and electric field-driven acceleration. Anal. Chem. 83:6580–85 [Google Scholar]
122. Wang G, Zhang G, Huang H, Wang L. 122.  2011. Graphene-Prussian blue/gold nanoparticles based electrochemical immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. Anal. Methods 3:2082–87 [Google Scholar]
123. Zou Z, Kai J, Rust MJ, Han J, Ahn CH. 123.  2007. Functionalized nano interdigitated electrodes arrays on polymer with integrated microfluidics for direct bio-affinity sensing using impedimetric measurement. Sens. Actuators 136:518–26 [Google Scholar]
124. Arya SK, Chornokur G, Venugopal M, Bhansali S. 124.  2010. Dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) modified gold microarray electrode based electrochemical immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of cortisol. Biosens. Bioelectron. 25:2296–301 [Google Scholar]
125. Dawson K, Wahl A, Pescaglini A, Iacopino D, O'Riordan A. 125.  2014. Gold nanowire electrode arrays: investigations of non-faradaic behavior. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161:2B3049–54 [Google Scholar]
126. Dawson K, Wahl A, Barry S, Barrett C, Sassiat N. 126.  et al. 2014. Fully integrated on-chip nano-electrochemical devices for electroanalytical applications. Electrochimica Acta 115:239–46 [Google Scholar]
127. Wahl A, Barry S, Dawson K, MacHale J, Quinn AJ, O'Riordan A. 127.  2014. Electroanalysis at ultramicro and nanoscale electrodes: a comparative study. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161:2B3055–60 [Google Scholar]