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Abstract
Shear bands, localized regions where shear flows concentrate, form in many complex fluids under a wide range of circumstances. In this review, we outline the main mechanisms that cause shear banding in complex fluids with granularity: foams, emulsions, colloidal suspensions, and granular matter. Apart from shear bands caused by continuum-scale mechanisms such as stress inhomogeneities and flow instabilities, we discuss a range of shear-banding phenomena for which the particle scale plays a crucial role.