The Study’s Chemical Interaction of the Sodium Silicate Solution with Extender Pigments to Investigate High Heat Resistance Silicate Coating

Le, Cuong Manh; Le, Thu-Huong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5510193

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

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Green Analytical Methods and Nanomaterials for Sample Preparation

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 5510193 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5510193

The Study’s Chemical Interaction of the Sodium Silicate Solution with Extender Pigments to Investigate High Heat Resistance Silicate Coating

Cuong Manh Le¹and Thu-Huong Le²

Academic Editor: Tien Duc Pham

Received19 Jan 2021

Revised20 Mar 2021

Accepted26 Mar 2021

Published07 Apr 2021

Abstract

Silicate coating is water-based paint with many advantages and wide applications in many different industries. However, there are still some problems with silicate coating: how to increase its resistance to heat at high temperatures and prolong the life of the coating. Silicate paints have high durability and longevity dependent mainly on the chemical interaction of the silicate binder with extender pigments. Therefore, our groups have studied the geopolymerization process of the sodium silicate solution with extender pigments to investigate high heat resistance silicate coating. The effect of curing time on the chemical interaction between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shift of antisymmetric stretching vibration of the Si-O-Si bond (1060 cm⁻¹) to low frequency and increase of the intensity of the Si-O-Si stretching as curing time increases from 1 to 20 days are due to the increased chemical interaction between extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) and sodium silicate solution. Moreover, TG results of ZnO-silicate, TiO₂-silicate, CaCO₃-silicate, Na₂SiF₆-silicate, and Fe₂O₃-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing show high residual geopolymer about 69–90% at 800°C. Thus, we proposed that the geopolymerization process between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) increases when the curing time from 1 to 20 days leads to forming geopolymer silicate with high thermal stability. In addition, the optimal mixing ratio between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) is as follows: 25% binder (sodium silicate solution), 8% ZnO; 5% TiO₂, 5% Fe₂O₃, 1% Na₂SiF₆, 21% CaCO₃, 34% H₂O, and 1% additives to make high heat resistance silicate coating with temperature resistance at 1000°C.

1. Introduction

Vietnam is a country that has a tropical climate with high humidity and high temperature. Moreover, there are many impurities in the air such as dust, microorganisms, and toxic chemicals. With the above climate, many types of building materials are damaged, mossy, and rusty. Coating technology is used as a film to protect buildings from chemical attack and corrosion of the environment. There are two commonly used paints, organic and inorganic coating [1]. The organic coating such as epoxy resin shows good mechanical performance, chemical resistance, and anticorrosive effect [2]. However, it has been shown that organic coating has many disadvantages such as high aging and especially high price [3]. Besides, organic-inorganic hybrid materials are materials in which organic (epoxy resin) and inorganic (rice husk silica [4, 5], nano-glass fiber, and silanized coal fly ash [6]) components are mixed to enhance the mechanical and fracture toughness of epoxy resin. The inorganic coating is the main component of cross-linked inorganic binders such as silicon resin [7], water- and solvent-based silicates [8], silanes [9], and a mixture of the organic binder with silicate [10]. In comparison with organic coating, inorganic coating (silicate coating) shows more advantage because of its corrosion and heat resistance [11]. However, there are still some problems with silicate coating such as long-term durability, low resistant water, and high price, which have limited the wide commercial applications of organic coating in the construction and building industry [12].

The need to address issues to develop and deploy in the practice of new silicate paint materials required the development of new approaches to developing silicate coating. Herein, recent achievements in the modified properties and working mechanism of silicate coating by adding organic and inorganic compounds make the silicate coating even more promising for the application. Yuan et al. reported a study on the properties and working mechanism of the waterborne polyurethane-modified silicate-based coating. The bending, compressive strengths, and flexibility of the coating modified by adding polyurethane were greatly improved compared with the unmodified coating. The temperature resistance of the waterborne polyurethane-modified silicate-based coating is low at 250°C [13]. Parashar et al. reported about alkali silicate-based zinc-rich coating with excellent abrasion resistance, prevention of undercutting of coatings by corrosion, unaffected by temperatures up to 528°C, and unaffected by the organic solvents such as ketones and gasoline [14]. Bahreini’s group also synthesized silica supported ZnO nanoparticle as the new pigment for thermal control coating [15]. Besides, Irfan Khan et al. have used TiO₂ pigment to improve the photocatalytic activity of silicate paint [16]. However, the silicate paint which is the suspension of extender pigments (Zn, ZnO nanoparticle, and TiO₂) in liquid potassium glass has some disadvantages, for example, low flexibility and high cost. The liquid sodium glass (sodium silicate solution) is of interest for use as a binder for silicate coating, which ensures more high-performance properties and low cost [12]. The use of liquid sodium glass does not provide the water-resistance of silicate coatings [12]. Extender pigments are of interest for use as filler for silicate paints that ensure more high-performance properties. Moreover, silicate coating has high heat resistance, durability, and longevity dependent mainly on the curing process of the silicate binder with extender pigments. Therefore, understanding the interaction of liquid glass with extender pigments and colorants will help us to create paint products that are heat resistant and of high durability and longevity. Silicate coating with sodium silicate film is a new direction due to its high heat resistance, long life, and low price and completely suitable for the climatic conditions of Vietnam. To investigate the effects of the interaction of liquid glass with extender pigments on the properties of silicate coating, our groups have studied the curing process of sodium silicate solution with each of the extender pigments such as ZnO, TiO₂, CaCO₃, Na₂SiF₆, and Fe₂O₃. The chemical interaction between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments according to curing time was investigated by FT-IR, TGA, and XRD. In addition, the novel material based on extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, CaCO₃, Na₂SiF₆, and Fe₂O₃) was prepared to investigate the high heat resistance silicate coating. The thermal stabilization of silicate coating was investigated by TGA and SEM.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals

Sodium silicate solution (mNa₂O.nSiO₂.xH₂O, d = 1.35 g/cm³), zinc oxide (ZnO, ≥99%), titanoxide (TiO₂, ≥99%), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃, ≥99%), ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃, ≥99,5%), and sodium silicon fluoride (Na₂SiF₆, ≥99.5%) were purchased from Merk.

2.2. Experimental

2.2.1. Preparation of Extender Pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) Silicate Coating

To study the curing process of sodium silicate solution with extender pigments at 1 day and 20 days, each of the extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) was added to the 5.5–6.5 g sodium silicate solution and stirred at room temperature until getting powder (note that the amount of the extender pigments was added to sodium silicate solution so that the drying time of the mixture to get dry powder is less than 20 minutes). The coating powders were crushed by the ball milling method for 1 hour; after that the coating powder was cured from 1 to 20 days in the air under room temperature. Therefore, the formula of the mixture of liquid sodium glass with each of the extender pigments shows in Table 1.

The effect of curing time on the chemical interaction between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurements were conducted on a Nicolet 380 spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA) operated in the mid-IR range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹, with spectra obtained at a spectral resolution of 8 cm⁻¹ in transmittance mode. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) were performed using a METTLER TOLEDO SDTA851e. The coating powder at 1 and 20 days of curing was placed in aluminum oxide (AlO_x) TGA pan. The sample was heated at rate of 10°C min⁻¹ from 20 to 900°C under a nitrogen gas flow of 50 mL.min⁻¹. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of absorption materials were obtained using D8 Advance (Bruker-Germany) and D5005 (Siemens- Germany).

2.2.2. Preparation of the Silicate Coating

The silicate coating was prepared (Scheme 1) by mixing sodium silicate solution with extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, Na₂SiF₆, and additives) and stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes until getting dry powder by following the formula in Table 2. The dry silicate coating powders were crushed by ball milling for 1 hour; after that the coating powder was cured from 1 to 20 days. The silicate coating sample at 20 days of curing was mixed with water and coated on the steel plate.

The silicate coating was prepared (Scheme 1) by following the formula in Table 2. The role of ZnO, TiO₂, and Fe₂O₃ in silicate paints is to enhance the mechanical properties of the paint such as acid strength, heat resistance, and leaching resistance of the silicate coating due to chemical interaction with liquid glass to form the geopolymer. Na₂SiF₆ is added to the paint to increase the leaching resistance of the paint film due to the chemical interaction between Na₂SiF₆ and liquid sodium silicate by the following reaction:

CaCO₃ is the primary filler of most silicate coatings, because a part of CaCO₃ interacts with the liquid sodium glass to form calcium silicate that is both mechanically stable and water resistant.

The thermal stabilization of the silicate coating was investigated by TGA and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM was performed with S-4800 (SEM, Hitachi) at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. The heat resistance of silicate coating was investigated by calcination of the paint film at 1000°C for 10 h.

3. Results and Discussion

The chemical interaction between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) results are as follows.

The FT-IR spectra of extender pigments-silicate coating (Figures 1(a)–1(e)) show the variation in the chemical structure according to the curing time from 1 day to 20 days. The ZnO-silicate, TiO₂-silicate, CaCO₃-silicate, Na₂SiF₆-silicate, and Fe₂O₃-silicate coating at 1 day of curing’s sample show the peaks at 3450 and 1650 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of the asymmetric stretching and bending of hydroxyl (-OH) groups from silanol (Si-O-H) groups or residual water on the surface of the sample [16]. When the curing time increased to 20 days, the intensity peak at 3450 cm⁻¹ decreased due to the dehydration and dehydroxylation to form silicate geopolymer.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

In Figures 1(a)–1(b), the FT-IR spectra of Na₂O.nSiO₂.xH₂O show the peak at 1060 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of the Si-O-Si stretching vibration [17]. However, the FT-IR spectrum of ZnO-silicate (a) and TiO2-silicate coating (b) samples with curing time of 1 and 20 days shows the peaks at 955 and 960 cm⁻¹, respectively. The vibration shifted to the low frequency at 955 cm⁻¹ as sodium silicate solution mixed with ZnO, indicating the formation of ZnO–SiO₂ bond [18–20]. Lee et al. and Zhang et al. have determined the chemical structure of SiO₂/TiO₂ composite by FT-IR spectrum. The FT-IR results of SiO₂/TiO₂ composite show vibration at 925 cm⁻¹, which is assigned to the formation of Ti-O-Si bonds [21, 22]. Therefore, we suggest that the shift of the antisymmetric stretching vibration (1060 cm⁻¹) of the Si-O-Si bond to the low frequency (955 and 960 cm⁻¹) and the decrease in the intensity of Si–OH bending vibration of sample of 20 days of curing compared with 1-day sample were because of the complete geopolymerization process between sodium silicate solution and ZnO and TiO₂ to form the chemical bonds Si-O-Zn and Ti-O-Si [16, 17, 20].

The chemical bonds between the Fe₂O₃ and sodium silicate solution at curing time of 1 and 20 days (Figure 1(c)) were further investigated using FT-IR spectra. In Figure 1(c), the absorption band near 500 and 1398 cm⁻¹ of Fe₂O₃-silicate coating samples at 1 day and 20 days of curing are assigned to Fe-O stretching mode, indicating the presence of the Fe₂O₃ in the coating samples [23]. The peak at 1060 cm⁻¹ corresponding to Si-O-Si stretching vibration of Na₂O.nSiO₂.xH₂O shifts to the low frequency at 990 cm⁻¹ with increasing curing time from 1 to 20 days, which is assigned to the formation of the Fe-O-Si bond [24]. Therefore, we suggest that the shift of the antisymmetric stretching vibration of the Si-O-Si bond (1060 cm⁻¹) to low frequency at 990 cm⁻¹ and the decrease in the intensity of Si–OH bending vibration of sample of 20 days of curing compared with 1-day sample are because of the complete geopolymerization process between sodium silicate solution and Fe₂O₃ to form of new chemical bonds such as Fe-O-Si.

The FT-IR spectra of CaCO₃-silicate coating (Figure 1(d)) at 1 day and 20 days of curing compared with FT-IR spectra of CaCO₃ and Na₂O.nSiO₂.xH₂O show the variation in the chemical structure according to curing time from 1 to 20 days. The FT-IR results of samples of 1 and 20 days reveal that the absorption peak at 1060 cm⁻¹ confirms the formation of silicate (SiO₂) due to the chemical interaction between CaCO₃ and liquid sodium silicate. The absorption peaks at 712, 871, and 1460 cm⁻¹ are attributed to the C-O bond out-of-plane bending, in-plane bending, and stretching vibrations of CO₃^2-, respectively [25, 26]. In addition, the intensity peak at 1060 cm⁻¹ which is related to the constitutional SiO₂ increases as the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days [16, 17]. Therefore, when the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days, the geopolymerization process between CaCO₃ and liquid sodium silicate is more complete due to the chemical interaction between CaCO₃ and liquid sodium silicate according to the following reaction:

In Figure 1(e), FT-IR spectra of Na₂SiF₆-silicate coating at 1 day and 20 days of curing compared with Na₂SiF₆ and Na₂O.nSiO₂.xH₂O show the variation in the chemical structure according to curing time from 1 to 20 days. The FT-IR results of samples at 1 day and 20 days of curing reveal that the absorption peak at 1060 cm⁻¹ of SiO₂ is due to the chemical interaction between Na₂SiF₆ and liquid sodium silicate [16, 17]. In addition, the intensity peak at 1060 cm⁻¹ which is related to the constitutional SiO₂ increases as the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days. Therefore, when the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days, the geopolymerization process between Na₂SiF₆ and liquid sodium silicate is more complete due to the chemical interaction between Na₂SiF₆ and liquid sodium silicate according to the following reaction:

The FT-IR spectrum of extender pigments-silicate coating (Figure 1) shows the peak at 1060 cm⁻¹ corresponding to Si-O-Si stretching vibration of Na₂O.nSiO₂.xH₂O shift to low frequency about 900–960 cm⁻¹ when sodium silicate solution is mixed with extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, and Fe₂O₃). Besides, the intensity peak at 1060 cm⁻¹ of silicate (SiO₂) due to the chemical interaction between extender pigments (CaCO₃ and Na₂SiF₆) and sodium silicate solution increases as the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days. Therefore, the geopolymerization process between extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) and sodium silicate solution to form new bonds suggested provoking the significant changes observed in the shift to the low frequency of antisymmetric stretching vibration of the Si-O-Si bond (1060 cm⁻¹) and increase of the intensity of the Si-O-Si stretching as curing time increases from 1 to 20 days.

3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Pattern

The crystallinity of extender pigments-silicate coating (Figures 2(a)–2(d)) at 1 day and 20 days was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In Figures 2(a)–2(d), the XRD results of extender pigments-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing show the peaks correspond to the ZnO with wurtzite phase (JCPDS 79-2205) [27], TiO₂ with anatase phase (JCPDS-21-1272) [28], α-Fe₂O₃ phase (JCPDS card No: 79–0007) [29], CaCO₃ (JCPDS card number 47–1743) [30], and Na₂SiF₆ with hexagonal phase (JCPDS no. 33–1280) [31]. Also, the intensity peaks of 20 days of curing’s sample are lower than the intensity peaks of 1 day of curing’s sample due to the chemical interaction between extender pigments and liquid sodium silicate. Therefore, we propose that the chemical reaction of sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) increases when the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days resulting in more completing of the geopolymerization process.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

3.2. Thermal Analysis

Thermal stability of extender pigments-silicate coating was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis. TG and DTG curves at 10°C/min heating rate for 1 and 20 days of curing were given in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, the total residual geopolymer of 1 and 20 days of curing’s samples is 89 and 90% for ZnO-silicate coating, 84 and 89% for TiO₂-silicate coating, 64 and 69% for CaCO₃-silicate coating, 71 and 79,5% for Na₂SiF₆-silicate coating, and 85 and 88% for Fe₂O₃-silicate coating at 800°C, respectively. Besides, the DTG plots of ZnO-silicate, TiO₂-silicate, Fe₂O₃-silicate, CaCO₃-silicate, and Na₂SiF₆-silicate coating show the increase in dehydration temperature of surface water (physically and chemically absorbed water) when curing time increases from 1 to 20 days. Drying or dehydration of surface water occurred below 100°C, whereas fixed water was released about 95–118°C for 1 day of curing and 95–128°C for 20 days of curing’s samples. This increase in dehydration temperature resulted from the increase of interaction of water molecules and geopolymer.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

The DTG plots of ZnO-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) show that the peak at 315°C of ZnO-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing represents the dehydration of bonded water (Si-O-H) process. The ZnO-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing shows that the small peak at 500°C that accounts for 2–5% of the mass loss (1 day of curing) and the one at 650°C that accounts for 1–2% of the mass loss (20 days of curing) are considered due to the melting of silica catalyzed by metal impurities (Na⁺) and formation of bulk silicate [32].

The DTG plots of CaCO₃-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing (Figures 3(g) and 3(h)) show that the peak at 694°C of CaCO₃-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing’s samples represents the thermal decomposition of CaCO₃ process according to the following reaction:

The CaCO₃-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing shows the small peak at 800°C that accounts for 2–5% of the mass loss due to the melting of silica catalyzed by metal impurities (Na⁺ and Ca²⁺) and formation of bulk silicate [32].

The DTG plots of Na₂SiF₆-silicate coating at 1 and 20 days of curing (Figures 3(i) and 3(j)) show that the peak at 600°C of Na₂SiF₆-silicate coating at 1 day and the one at 615°C of Na₂SiF₆-silicate coating at 20 days of curing’s samples represent the decomposition of Na₂SiF₆ according to the following reaction:

We proposed that the increased decomposition temperature of Na₂SiF₆ as curing time increases from 1 to 20 days is due to the increased chemical reaction between Na₂SiF₆ and sodium silicate solution binder.

TG results of ZnO-silicate, TiO₂-silicate, CaCO₃-silicate, Na₂SiF₆-silicate, and Fe₂O₃-silicate coating at 20 days of curing show high residual geopolymer about 69–90% at 800°C. The DTG plots show the increase in dehydration and thermal decomposition temperature resulted as the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days. As the discussion in FT-IR results, the shift of antisymmetric stretching vibration of the Si-O-Si bond (1060 cm⁻¹) to low frequency and increase of the intensity of the Si-O-Si stretching as curing time increases from 1 to 20 days are due to the chemical interaction between extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) and sodium silicate solution to form new bonds. Therefore, we proposed that the geopolymerization process between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) increases when the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days leading to forming geopolymer silicate with high thermal stability. And the newly introduced material based on extender pigments was expected to give a high heat resistance silicate coating, which is very useful for applications in devices working at high temperatures.

3.3. Silicate Coating

The thermal stability of the silicate coating was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis. TGA and DTG curves at 10°C/min heating rate for 1 and 20 days of curing are given in Figures 4(a) and 4(b). As shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b), the total residual geopolymer of 1 and 20 days of curing’s samples is 87% and 88.5% at 900°C, respectively. Besides, the DTG plots of 1 and 20 days of curing show that the drying or dehydration of surface water occurred at 103°C for 1 day of curing’s sample and 108°C for 20 days of curing’s sample. This increase in dehydration temperature resulted from a high heating rate (10°C/min) and the interaction of water molecules and geopolymer. When the curing time increases from 1 to 20 days, the geopolymerization process between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, CaCO₃, Na₂SiF₆, and Fe₂O₃) is more completed. Thus, we choose the silicate coating sample at 20 days of curing for testing thermal stability (at 1000°C).

(a)

(b)

SEM image results (Figure 5) of the silicate coating film before (a) and after heating at 1000°C (curing at 20 days) showed that the surface morphology after calcination of the silicate coating on the steel plate at 1000°C did not have much difference compared to the silicate coating on the steel plate before calcination. The needle shape morphology was found in the microstructural analysis of geopolymers in this study. In particular, the surface and color of the film that can be seen with the naked eye do not change after calcination at 1000°C for 10 h. Hence, the silicate paint is of high heat resistance and completely suitable for the climatic conditions of Vietnam.

(a)

(b)

4. Conclusion

In this report, we have investigated the effect of curing time on the chemical interaction between sodium silicate solution and each of the extender pigments such as ZnO, TiO₂, CaCO₃, Na₂SiF₆, and Fe₂O₃ by FT-IR, XRD, and TGA. The geopolymerization process between extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) and sodium silicate solution to form new bonds suggested provoking the significant changes observed in the shift of antisymmetric stretching vibration of the Si-O-Si bond (1060 cm⁻¹) to low frequency and increase of the intensity of the Si-O-Si stretching as curing time increases from 1 to 20 days. TGA results of mixture between extender pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) and sodium silicate solution at 1 and 20 days of curing show high residual geopolymer about 69–90% at 800°C. Also, the optimal mixing ratio between sodium silicate solution and extender pigments such as ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆ is as follows: 25% binder (sodium silicate solution), 8% ZnO, 5% TiO₂, 5% Fe₂O₃, 1% Na₂SiF₆, 21% CaCO₃, 34% H₂O, and 1% additives to make high heat resistance silicate coating with temperature resistance at 1000°C. Thus, the newly introduced material based on extender pigments was expected to give a high heat resistance silicate coating, which is very useful for applications in devices working at high temperatures.

Data Availability

All the data and supporting materials are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

All the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the researcher program of Ministry of Education and Training and National University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam (B2021-XDA-07).

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Copyright © 2021 Cuong Manh Le and Thu-Huong Le. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The Study’s Chemical Interaction of the Sodium Silicate Solution with Extender Pigments to Investigate High Heat Resistance Silicate Coating

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals

2.2. Experimental

2.2.1. Preparation of Extender Pigments (ZnO, TiO2, Fe2O3, CaCO3, and Na2SiF6) Silicate Coating

2.2.2. Preparation of the Silicate Coating

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Pattern

3.2. Thermal Analysis

3.3. Silicate Coating

4. Conclusion

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

2.2.1. Preparation of Extender Pigments (ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaCO₃, and Na₂SiF₆) Silicate Coating