1 Introduction
1.1 MANET
1.2 Significance of node and link lifetime prediction for route recovery process
1.4 Salient feature of particle swarm optimization
2 Related works
3 Work description
3.1 Estimation of metrics
3.1.1 Link lifetime
3.1.2 Node lifetime
3.1.3 Available bandwidth
3.2 PSO-based lifetime prediction algorithm
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 7
Step 8
3.3 Fuzzy-based node status estimation
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Fuzzification: In Fuzzification, the crisp inputs are obtained from the selected input variables and then the degrees to which the inputs belong to each of the suitable fuzzy set are estimated.
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Rule evaluation: The fuzzified inputs are taken and applied to the antecedents of the fuzzy rules. It is then applied to the consequent membership function.
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Aggregation of the rule outputs: This involves merging of the output of all rules.
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Defuzzification: The merged output of the aggregate output fuzzy set is the input for the defuzzification process and a single crisp number is obtained as output.
3.3.1 Fuzzification
S. number |
M
|
N
| AB | NS |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Low | Low | Low | Weak |
2 | Low | Low | High | Weak |
3 | Low | High | Low | Weak |
4 | Low | High | High | Normal |
5 | High | Low | Low | Weak |
6 | High | Low | High | Normal |
7 | High | High | Low | Normal |
8 | High | High | High | Strong |
3.3.2 Defuzzification
3.4 Route discovery
3.5 Route maintenance
3.5.1 Advantages of the proposed approach
4 Simulation results
Value | |
---|---|
Number of nodes | 100 |
Area size | 1,000 × 1,000 |
Mac | 802.11 |
Routing protocol | PNLP |
Simulation time | 50 s |
Traffic source | CBR |
Packet size | 250,500,750, and 1,000 bytes |
Rate | 250 kb |
Transmission range | 150 m |
Speed of nodes | 10 to 50 m/s |
Transmit power | 0.395 w |
Receiving power | 0.660 w |
Idle power | 0.035 w |
Initial energy | 10.1 J |
4.1 Performance metrics
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Average packet delivery ratio: It is the ratio of the number of packets received successfully and the total number of packets transmitted.
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Drop: It is the number of packets dropped during the transmission.
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Delay: It refers to the average end-to-end delay of packets.
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Energy: It is the average energy consumed for the data transmission.
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Overhead: It is the ratio between the number of packets rejected and number of packets sent.