Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2015, 51(3): 445-472 | DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2015.51.3.186

Money, Love, and Sacredness: Generalised Symbolic Media and the Production of Instrumental, Affectual, and Moral Reality

Seth Abrutyn
University of Memphis

A central and long-standing theoretical problem in sociology concerns how differentiated social units are integrated. This problem, however, has been peripheralised since the decline of functionalism, while legitimation and regulation/power-differentials have moved to the forefront. This article argues that by reconceptualising the concept, generalised symbolic media, a robust theory of integration can be posited that does not sacrifice the importance of regulation (control) or legitimation (meaning). This paper extends both the Simmelian and functionalist versions of media by: (1) precisely defining the concept; (2) examining its two forms-a specialised institutional language and as an external referent of value; (3) elucidating the three modes of orientation various media impose; and (4) extending the function of media beyond (social) exchange to include other institutional processes such as communicative action, performance, and ritualised interaction. Ultimately, a reconceptualised theory of generalised symbolic media offers sociology a mechanism that simultaneously highlights the diversity found across institutional spheres, as well as the limits humans have in dealing with the problems posed by differentiation.

Klíčová slova: generalised symbolic media, institutions, integration, emotions, cultural sociology, morality

Zveřejněno: 1. červen 2015  Zobrazit citaci

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Abrutyn, S. (2015). Money, Love, and Sacredness: Generalised Symbolic Media and the Production of Instrumental, Affectual, and Moral Reality. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review51(3), 445-472. doi: 10.13060/00380288.2015.51.3.186
Stáhnout citaci

Reference

  1. Abrutyn, S. 2009. 'Toward a General Theory of Institutional Autonomy.' Sociological Theory 27 (4): 449-465, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01358.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  2. Abrutyn, S. 2013a. 'Political Evolution, Entrepreneurship, and Autonomy: Causes and Consequences of an "Axial" Moment.' Research in Political Sociology 21: 3-29, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S0895-9935(2013)0000021003. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  3. Abrutyn, S. 2013b. 'Reconceptualizing Religious Evolution: Toward a General Theory of Macro-Institutional Change.' Social Evolution and History 12 (2): 5-36.
  4. Abrutyn, S. 2014a. 'Religious Autonomy and Religious Entrepreneurship: An Evolutionary-Institutionalist's Take on the Axial Age.' Comparative Sociology 13 (2): 105-134, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341300. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  5. Abrutyn, S. 2014b. Revisiting Institutionalism in Sociology: Putting the 'Institution' Back in Institutional Analysis. New York: Routledge. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  6. Abrutyn, S. 2015a. 'The Institutional Evolution of Religion: Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Ancient Israel.' Religion, DOI: 10.1080/0048721X.2015.1009864,http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2015.1009864. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  7. Abrutyn, S. 2015b. 'Pollution-Purification Rituals, Collective Memory, and the Evolution of Religion: How Cultural Trauma Shaped Ancient Israel.' American Journal of Cultural Sociology 3 (1): 123-155, http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ajcs.2014.12. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  8. Abrutyn, S. and A. S. Mueller. 2014a. 'Reconsidering Durkheim's Assessment of Tarde: Formalizing a Tardian Theory of Imitation, Contagion, and Suicide Suggestion.' Sociological Forum 29 (3): 698-719, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12110. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  9. Abrutyn, S. and A.S. Mueller. 2014b. 'The Socioemotional Foundations of Suicide: A Microsociological View of Durkheim's Suicide.' Sociological Theory 32 (4): 327-351. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  10. Abrutyn, S. and J. H. Turner. 2011. 'The Old Institutionalism Meets the New Institutionalism.' Sociological Perspectives 54 (3): 283-306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2011.54.3.283. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  11. Abrutyn, S. and J. Van Ness. 2015. 'The Role of Agency in Sociocultural Evolution: Institutional Entrepreneurship as a Force of Structural and Cultural Transformation.' Thesis Eleven 127 (1): 52-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513615575935. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  12. Adams, R. M. 1966. The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and PreHispanic Mexico. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.
  13. Alexander, J. C. 2004. 'Cultural Pragmatics: Social Performance between Ritual and Strategy.' Sociological Theory 22 (4): 527-573, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2751.2004.00233.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  14. Almond, G. A., R. Scott Appleby and E. Sivan. 2003. Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalism around the World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  15. Arnason, J. P. 2005. 'The Axial Age and Its Interpreters: Reopening a Debate.' Pp. 19-49 in Axial Civilizations and World History, edited by J. P. Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and B. Wittrock. Leiden: Brill. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  16. Assmann, J. 2011. Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination. New York: Cambridge University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996306. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  17. Baldwin, D. A. 1971. 'Money and Power.' The Journal of Politics 33 (3): 578-614, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2128274. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  18. Becker, H. S. 1963. 'The Culture of a Deviant Group: The Dance Musician.' Pp. 72-100 in Outsiders. New York: The Free Press.
  19. Belk, R.l W. and M. Wallendorf. 1990. 'The Sacred Meanings of Money.' Journal of Economic Psychology 11 (1): 35-67, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(90)90046-C. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  20. Berman, H. J. 1968. 'The Soviet Legal Profession.' Harvard Law Review 82 (1): 1-41, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1339293. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  21. Berman, H. J. 1983. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  22. Blau, P. M. 1977. 'A Macrosociological Theory of Social Structure.' American Journal of Sociology 83 (1): 26-54, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/226505. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  23. Bourdieu, P. 1986. 'The Forms of Capital.' Pp. 241-258 in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. G. Richardson. New York: Greenwood Press.
  24. Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambrdge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  25. Bourdieu, P. 1992. The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  26. Brint, S. and S. Abrutyn. 2009. 'Moral-Values Politics: The Emergence of an Electoral System.' Pp. 105-140 in Evangelicals and Democracy in America, edited by S. Brint and J. Reith Schroedel. New York: Russell Sage.
  27. Burke, P. J. 1991. 'Identity Processes and Social Stress.' American Sociological Review 56 (6): 836-849, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2096259. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  28. Calhoun, C. 1993. 'Habitus, Field, and Capital: The Question of Historical Specificity.' Pp. 61-88 in Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives, edited by C. Calhoun, E. LiPuma and M. Postone. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  29. Carlson, R. G. 1990. 'Banana Beer, Reciprocity, and Ancestor Propitiation among the Haya of Bukoba, Tanzania.' Ethnology 29 (4): 297-311, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3773600. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  30. Chernilo, D. 2002. 'The Theorization of Social Co-Ordinations in Differentiated Societies: The Theory of Generalized Symbolic Media in Parsons, Luhmann, and Habermas.' British Journal of Sociology 53 (3): 431-449, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0007131022000000581. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  31. Coleman, J. S. 1970. 'Political Money.' The American Political Science Review 64 (4): 1074-1087, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1958358. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  32. Collins, R. 2000. 'Situational Stratification: A Micro-Macro Theory of Inequality.' Sociological Theory 18 (1): 17-43, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00086. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  33. Collins, R. 2004. Interaction Ritual Chains. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400851744. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  34. Durkheim, E. 1915 [1995]. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Free Press.
  35. Eisenstadt, S. N. 1963. The Political System of Empires: The Rise and Fall of the Historical Bureaucratic Societies. New York: Free Press.
  36. Eisenstadt, S. N. 1964. 'Social Change, Differentiation and Evolution.' American Sociological Review 29 (3): 375-386, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2091481. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  37. Eisenstadt, S. N. (ed.) 1986. The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  38. Eisenstadt, S. N. 2012. 'The Axial Conundrum between Transcendental Visions and Vicissitudes of Their Institutionalizations: Constructive and Destructive Possibilities.' Pp. 277-293 in The Axial Age and Its Consequences, edited by R. N. Bellah and H. Joas. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674067400.c11. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  39. Fligstein, N. and D. McAdam. 2011. 'Toward a General Theory of Strategic Action Fields.' Sociological Theory 29 (1): 1-27, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01385.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  40. Friedland, R. and R. R. Alford. 1991. 'Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.' Pp. 232-266 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  41. Geertz, C. 1972. 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.' Pp. 412-454 in The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
  42. Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Pantheon Books.
  43. Habermas, J. 1985. The Theory of Communicative Action, Volumes 1 and 2. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  44. Huskey, E. 1982. 'The Limits of Institutional Autonomy in the Soviet Union: The Case of the Advokatura.' Soviet Studies 34 (2): 200-227, http://dx.doi.org./10.1080/09668138208411409. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  45. Johnson, A. W. and T. Earle. 2000. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Groups to Agrarian State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  46. Joyce, R. A. 2000. 'High Culture, Mesoamerican Civilization, and the Classic Maya Tradition.' Pp. 64-76 in Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient States, edited by J. Richards and M. Van Buren. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  47. La Valle, D. 1994. 'Social Exchange and Social System: A Parsonian Approach.' Sociological Perspectives 37 (4): 585-610, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389280. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  48. Lawler, E. J. 2002. 'Micro Social Orders.' Social Psychology Quarterly 65 (1): 4-17, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3090165. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  49. Lawler, E. J., S. Thye and J. Yoon. 2008. 'Social Exchange and Micro Social Order.' American Sociological Review 73 (4):19-42, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300401. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  50. Levi-Strauss, C. 1969. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  51. Lidz, V. 2001. 'Language and the "Family" of Generalized Symbolic Media.' Pp. 141-176 in Talcott Parsons Today: His Theory and Legacy in Contemporary Sociology, edited by A. J. Trevino. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
  52. Lidz, V. 2009. 'Defintion of the Situation as a Generalized Symbolic Medium.' Pp. 52-80 in Essays in Honour of Talcott Parsons, edited by C. Hart. Poynton: Midrash Publications.
  53. Luhmann, N. 1976. 'Generalized Media and the Problem of Contingency.' Pp. 507-532 in Explorations in General Theory in Social Science: Essays in Honor of Talcott Parsons, edited by J. J. Loubser, R. Baum, A. Effrat and V. Meyer Lidz. New York: Free Press.
  54. Luhmann, N. 2004. Law as a Social System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  55. Marx, K. 1867 [1990]. Capital, Volume 1: A Critique of Political Economy. London: Penguin Classics.
  56. Maryanski, A. and J. H. Turner. 1992. The Social Cage: Human Nature and the Evolution of Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  57. Mauss, M. 1967. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. New York: W. W. Norton.
  58. Mundey, P., H. Davidson and P. Snell Herzog. 2011. 'Making Money Sacred: How Two Church Cultures Translate Mundane Money into Distinct Sacralized Forms of Giving.' Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 72 (3): 303-326, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srq080. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  59. Nolan, P. and G. Lenski. 2010. Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
  60. Olick, J. K. 2008. 'The Ciphered Transits of Collective Memory: Neo-Freudian Impressions.' Social Research 75 (1): 1-22. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  61. Oprisko, R. 2012. 'Superpowers: The American Academic Elite.' Georgetown Public Policy Review. http://gppreview.com/2012/12/03/superpowers-the-american-academic-elite/.
  62. Parsons, T. 1963a. 'On the Concept of Influence.' Public Opinion Quarterly 27 (1): 37-62, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/267148. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  63. Parsons, T. 1963b. 'On the Concept of Political Power.' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107 (3): 232-262.
  64. Parsons, T. 1968. 'On the Concept of Value-Commitments.' Sociological Inquiry 38 (2): 135-160, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00679.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  65. Parsons, T. and N. J. Smelser. 1956. Economy and Society: A Study in the Integration of Economic and Social Theory. New York: The Free Press.
  66. Pugh, A. 2005. 'Selling Compromise: Toys, Motherhood, and the Cultural Deal.' Gender & Society 19 (6): 729-749, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243205279286. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  67. Ridgeway, C. L. 2006. 'Expectation States Theory and Emotion.' Pp. 374-367 in Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions, edited by J. E. Stets and J. H. Turner. New York: Springer, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30715-2_16. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  68. Shils, Edward A. 1975. Center and Periphery: Essays in Macrosociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  69. Simmel, G. 1907. The Philosophy of Money. Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  70. Southern, R. W. 1953. The Making of the Middle Ages. New Haven, NJ: Yale University Press.
  71. Stets, J. E. and M. J. Carter. 2012. 'A Theory of the Self for the Sociology of Morality.' American Sociological Review 77 (1): 120-140, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122411433762. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  72. Stryker, S. 1980. Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version. Menlo Park, CA: The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company.
  73. Taylor, C. 2012. 'What Was the Axial Revolution?' Pp. 30-46 in The Axial Age and Its Consequences, edited by R. N. Bellah and H. Joas. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674067400.c2. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  74. Thoits, P. A. 1996. 'Managing the Emotions of Others.' Symbolic Interaction 19 (2): 85-109, http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.1996.19.2.85. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  75. Thornton, P. H., W. Ocasio and M. Lounsbury. 2012. The Institutional Logics Perspective: A New Approach to Culture, Structure, and Process. New York: Oxford University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601936.001.0001. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  76. Turner, J. H. 2003. Human Institutions: A Theory of Societal Evolution. Lanham: Bowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  77. Turner, J. H. 2010a. Theoretical Principles of Sociology, Volume 1: Macrodynamics. New York: Springer.
  78. Turner, J. H. 2010b. Theoretical Principles of Sociology, Volume 2: Microdynamics. New York: Springer.
  79. Turner, J. H. 2011. Theoretical Principles of Sociology, Volume 3: Mesodynamics. New York: Springer. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  80. Turner, J. H. and J. E. Stets. 2006. 'Moral Emotions.' Pp. 544-566 in Handbook on the Sociology of Emotions, edited by J. H. Turner and J. E. Stets. New York: Springer, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30715-2_24. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  81. Turner, R. H. 2001. 'Role Theory.' Pp. 233-254 in The Handbook of Sociological Theory, edited by J. H. Turner. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36274-6_12. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  82. Turner, T. S. 1968. 'Parsons' Concept of Generalized Media of Social Interaction and Its Relevance for Social Anthropology.' Sociological Inquiry 38 (2): 121-134, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00678.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  83. Vaisey, S. 2009. 'Motivation and Justification: A Dual Process Model of Culture in Action.' American Journal of Sociology 114 (6): 1675-1715, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597179. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  84. Vaisey, S. and O. Lizardo. 2010. 'Can Cultural Worldviews Influence Network Composition?' Social Forces 88 (4): 1595-1618, http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0009. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  85. Vandenberghe, F. 2007. 'Avatars of the Collective: A Realist Theory of Collective Subjectivities.' Sociological Theory 25 (4): 295-324, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00311.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  86. Walsh, M. J. 2009. Sacred Economies: Buddhist Monasticism and Territoriality in Medieval China. New York: Columbia University Press. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
  87. Weber, M. 1927 [2002]. General Economic History. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
  88. Weber, M. 1946. 'The Social Psychology of World Religions.' Pp. 267-301 in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by H. Gerth and C. W. Mills. New York: Oxford University Press.
  89. Weber, M. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  90. Zelizer, V. 1997. The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief, and Other Currencies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Tento článek je publikován v režimu tzv. otevřeného přístupu k vědeckým informacím (Open Access), který je distribuován pod licencí Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), která umožňuje nekomerční distribuci, reprodukci a změny, pokud je původní dílo řádně ocitováno. Není povolena distribuce, reprodukce nebo změna, která není v souladu s podmínkami této licence.