Abstract
Nine synthetic Na-saponites with charge densities varying between 0.33 and 1.0 have been prepared. Their swelling properties and structural organization in water, ethylene glycol and glycerol show discontinuities in the physico-chemical behaviour of these samples. The layer charge densities caused changes in swelling properties and structural organization of the minerals. These changes also depended upon the nature of the solvation liquid and the interlayer cation involved.
Electron diffraction patterns of the Ba-saponites showed no abnormal diffusion making honeycomblike patterns between Bragg reflections.
The results indicate criteria for estimating the layer charge of tetrahedrally substituted trioctahedral 2/1 phyllosilicates.
There is no upper limit until x = 1 for the layer charge x which is specific to the smectite-group. Consequently, the changes in the swelling properties observed when x = 0.5-0.6 and x = 0.8-0.9 come from the modifications of the interlayer structure, which are mainly a function of cation-liquid and silicate layer-liquid interactions. Consequently, there is an overlap between the saponite and the vermi-culite mineral groups.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alcover, J. F., Gatineau, L., Mering, J. and Kodama, H. (1974) The distribution of Ba cations in vermiculites and vermiculitized micas: Clays & Clay Minerals (in press).
Barshad, I. (1950) The effect of the interlayer cations in the expansion of the mica type of crystal lattice: Am. Miner. 35, 225–238.
Barshad, I. (1954) Cation exchange in micaceous minerals: II—Replaceability of ammonium and potassium from vermiculite, biotite and montmorillonite: Soil Sci. 78, 57–76.
Besson, G. (1972) Etude par microdiffraction électronique des relations d’ordre-désordre dans les substitutions des phyllosilicates. Thèse 3e cycle, Orléans, France.
Besson, G., Tchoubar, C. et Mering, J. (1973) Relations d’ordre-désordre dans la répartition des substitutions des phyllosilicates 2/1 du groupe des smectites: Bull, grpe fr. Argiles 25, 155–160.
Besson, G., Mifsud, A., Tchoubar, C. and Mering, J. (1974) Order and disorder relations in the distribution of the substitutions in smectites, illites and vermiculites: Clays & Clay Minerals 22, 379–384.
Bradley, W. F., Weiss, E. J. and Rowland, R. A. (1963) A glycol sodium vermiculite complex: Clays & Clay Minerals 10, 117–122.
Brindley, G. W. and MacEwan, D. M. C (1953) Structural mineralogy of ceramic clays. Symp. Brit. Ceramic Soc. Stoke on Trent, pp. 15–59.
Carman, J. H. (1974) Synthetic sodium phlogopite and its two hydrates stabilities, properties and mineralogic implications: Am. Miner. 59, 261–273.
Chassin, P. (1972) Etude de la conformation de la molécule d’éthane 1–2 diol adsorbée sur les phyllites 2-1: Bull. grpe fr. Argiles 24, 79–88.
Calle, C. de la, Suquet, H. and Pezerat, H. (1975) Glissement de feuillets accompagnant certains échanges cationiques dans les monocristaux de vermiculites: Bull, grpe fr. Argiles 27, 31–49.
Calle, C. de la, Suquet, H., Dubernat, J. and Pezerat H. (1977) Evolution of the structure of two-layer hydrates of high-charge vermiculites with the relative humidity: communication at the European Clay Mineral Conf., Oslo.
Glaeser, R. and Mering, J. (1967) Effet de chauffage sur les montmorillonites saturées de cations de petit rayon: Cr. hebd. Séan. Acad. Sci., Paris 275, 833–835.
Glaeser, R. and Mering, J. (1975) Influence du taux de substitution isomorphique en couche tétraédrique sur les propriétés et l’organisation structurale des smectites dioctaédriques: Proc. 20ème Congrès International des argiles, Mexico, pp. 173–183.
Harward, M. E. and Brindley, G. W. (1965) Swelling properties of synthetic smectites in relation to lattice substitutions: Clays & Clay Minerals 6, 209–222.
Iiyama, J. T. and Roy, R. (1963): (a) Controlled synthesis of heteropolytypic (mixed-layer) clay minerals: Clays & Clay Minerals 10, 1–22. (b) Unusually stable saponite in system Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2: Clay Min. Bull. 5, 161–171.
Kodama, H. (1975) Diffuse scattering by X-rays and electrons in mica and mica-like minerals: Clay Mineralogy 481, 7–13.
Lagaly, G. and Weiss, A. (1969) Determination of the layer charge in mica type layer silicates. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Tokyo, 61–80.
MacEwan, D. M. C (1948) Complexes of clays with inorganic compounds—I: Complex formation between montmorillonite and halloysite and certain organic liquids: Trans. Faraday Soc. 44, 349.
Mering, J. and Pedro, G. (1967) Discussion à propos des critères de classification des phyllosilicates 2/1: Bull, grpe fr. Argiles 21, 1–30.
Reynolds, R. C. (1965) An X-ray study of an ethylene-glycol montmorillonite complex: Am. Miner. 50, 990–1001.
Robert, M. (1975) Principes et détermination qualitative des minéraux argileux à l’aide des rayons X: Ann. agron. 26(4), 363–399.
Roy, R. (1961) The preparation and properties of synthetic clay minerals: Colloque International du C.N.R.S. sur la Genèse et Synthèse des Argiles, Paris, pp. 83–98.
Suquet, H., Calle, C. de la, and Pezerat, H. (1975) Swelling and structural organization of saponite: Clays & Clay Minerals 23, 1–9.
Walker, G. F. (1958) Reactions of expanding lattice clay minerals with glycerol and ethylene glycol: Clay Min. Bull. 3, 302–313.
Warshaw, C. M. and Roy, R. (1961) The classification and a scheme for the identification of layer silicates: Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 72, 1455–1472.
Wear, J. I. and White, J. L. (1951) Potassium fixation in clay minerals as related to crystal structure: Soil Sci. 71, 1–14.
Weaver, C. E. (1958) The effects and geologic significance of potassium “fixation” by expandable clay minerals derived from muscovite, biotite, chlorite and volcanic materials. Am. Miner. 43, 839–861.
Weir, A. H. (1960) Relationship between physical properties structure and composition of smectites: Thesis, London University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Suquet, H., Iiyama, J.T., Kodama, H. et al. Synthesis and Swelling Properties of Saponites with Increasing Layer Charge. Clays Clay Miner. 25, 231–242 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250310
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250310