Figures
Abstract
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method to inhibit gene expression in a sequence specific manner. Recently silencing the target gene through feeding has been successfully carried out in many insect species.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Escherichia coli strain HT115 was genetically engineered to express dsRNA targeting genes that encode ribosomal protein Rpl19, V type ATPase D subunit, the fatty acid elongase Noa and a small GTPase Rab11. qRT-PCR showed that mRNA level of four target genes was reduced compared to ds-egfp control by feeding either engineered bacteria or dsRNAs. The maximum down-regulation of each gene varied from 35% to 100%. Tissue specific examination indicated that RNAi could be observed not only in midgut but also in other tissues like the ovary, nervous system and fat body. Silencing of rab11 through ingestion of dsRNA killed 20% of adult flies. Egg production was affected through feeding ds-noa and ds-rab11 compared to ds-egfp group. Adult flies were continuously fed with dsRNA and bacteria expressing dsRNA for 14 days and up-regulations of target genes were observed during this process. The transcripts of noa showed up-regulation compared to ds-egfp control group in four tissues on day 7 after continuous feeding either dsRNA or engineered bacteria. The maximum over-expression is 21 times compared to ds-egfp control group. Up-regulation of rab11 mRNA level could be observed in testes on day 7 after continuous bacteria treatment and in midgut on day 2 after ds-rab11 treatment. This phenomenon could also be observed in rpl19 groups.
Citation: Li X, Zhang M, Zhang H (2011) RNA Interference of Four Genes in Adult Bactrocera dorsalis by Feeding Their dsRNAs. PLoS ONE 6(3): e17788. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017788
Editor: Immo Hansen, New Mexico State University, United States of America
Received: October 23, 2010; Accepted: February 11, 2011; Published: March 18, 2011
Copyright: © 2011 Li et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work is supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (MATS) and Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (grant number 200903047). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a major pest throughout South East Asia and in a number of Pacific Islands, feeding on a wide variety of fruit crops such as citrus and guava [1].
RNA interference (RNAi), which is initially discovered in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, is widely accepted as a powerful tool for gene function research [2]. In C.elegans, RNAi effects can be produced by feeding bacteria expressing dsRNA [3], [4], or even by soaking nematodes in dsRNA solution [5]. It is now clear that dsRNA-mediated gene silencing is a conserved mechanism in many eukaryotes [6], [7]. This post-transcriptional gene silencing technique has been used in entomological research [8]–[10]. Microinjection is used in most of these experiments to achieve high titer of dsRNA and expose more tissues to silencing factor.
Recent researchers have shown some successful examples indicating that dsRNA feeding could be used as a potential way for pest control. Baum et al. screened Diabrotica virgifera virgifera cDNA library to identify 290 putative target genes predicted to encode an essential protein. 125 dsRNA tested showed significant larva mortality and/or stunting at 52 ng/cm2 [11]. Other examples of RNAi through ingestion such as Epiphyas postvittana [12], Reticulitermes flavipes [13], Plutella xylostella [14], Rhodnius prolixus [15], Spodoptera frugiperda [16] have also been proven to be a feasible way for agricultural pests control. Because high concentration of dsRNA is necessary to ensure continuous suppression of target genes [17], these experiments which are based on the methods of feeding in vitro synthesized dsRNA to the larva are relatively expensive. Using genetically engineered Escherichia coli strain HT115 to express dsRNA is an economical way to produce large quantities of dsRNA. Besides, bacterial feeding is a non-disrupting technique preserving the integrity of the treated animals. E.coli-mediated delivery of dsRNA has been reported in C. elegans [4], planarians [18], Entamoeba histolytica [19] and Spodoptera exigua [17].
However, in Drosophila melanogaster, feeding yeast cells engineered to express double-stranded RNA to the flies failed to work [20]. Besides, RNAi-mediated gene knockdown through microinjection in Drosophila is localized to the site of dsRNA delivery and effects are temporally limited [21]. Furthermore, injection of dsRNA into haemolymph or gut didn't trigger systemic gene silence [22]. These facts make people believe that in Diptera species, feeding dsRNA cannot induce RNAi. However, in B.dorsalis, microinjection of dsRNA into adult abdomen successfully inhibits the expression of doublesex gene in ovary [23]. Thus, although B.dorsalis belongs to Diptera, feeding dsRNA may work in B.dorsalis.
The sid-1 (systemic RNA interference deficient-1) gene is essential and sufficient to mediate systemic RNAi effect in C.elegans [24]. Up till now, sid-1 genes have been found in almost all animal genomes with the exception of Dipteran genomes; this may be one reason why feeding D.melanogaster yeast-expressed dsRNA failed [21]. Some evidences suggested that uptake of dsRNA in S2 cells involves a receptor-mediated endocytosis [25]. Endocytosis of dsRNA also seems to occur in C.elegans because knockdown of components of the endocytotic pathway by RNAi results in worms with a ‘loss of RNAi function’ phenotype [25]. These results suggest that receptor-mediated endocytosis is a widespread mechanism for dsRNA uptake [21]. Based on the known information, we design the experiments to test whether dsRNA feeding and systemic RNAi exist in B.dorsalis.
Since killing adult flies or cutting back the number of eggs could both reduce the damage to the fruits, four genes were chosen to test the feasibility of RNAi in B.dorsalis. rpl19 and v-ATPase-D are housekeeping genes and are very conservative both in structure and in function. Loss of the functions could cause death in flies. In the dsRNA feeding bioassay on west corn rootworm, both rpl19 and v-ATPase-D caused high mortality in larva, the LC50 are 5.20 ng/cm2 and 1.72 ng/cm2 [11]. rpl19 encodes a ribosomal protein L19 which is a component of the 60S subunit belonged to the L19E family of ribosomal proteins [26]. v-ATPase-D encodes the subunit D of the V1 domain of V-ATPase, which forms a central rotor axle together with subunit F [27]. noa and rab11 are chosen as the target in order to reduce egg production. noa encodes a very long chain fatty acid elongase, which exists in the nervous system, the imaginal discs, the fat body and in the gonads of both sexes [28]. An RNAi construct of noa leads to male sterility in D.melanogaster, demonstrating the necessity of noa function for male germline development [28]. Rab11, which is a small GTPase that regulates several aspects of vesicular trafficking, is essential for fertility in D.melanogaster and plays a key role in regulating various cellular events during D.melanogaster development and differentiation [29], [30].
Here we explored the feasibility of feeding dsRNA to adult B. dorsalis to achieve RNAi. The results of qRT-PCR indicated that directly feeding dsRNA and feeding dsRNA-expressing bacteria both induced RNAi in B.dorsalis. Furthermore, continuous feeding dsRNA led to over-expression of target genes. The death of adult flies could be observed in the rab11 dsRNA bioassay. In the bioassay targeting noa and rab11, egg production are reduced.
Results
Cloning of partial CDS of noa, rab11, rpl19 and v-ATPase-D
RT-PCR was used to amplify the partial sequence of the four target genes. The partial CDS we obtained for the four genes covered approximately 51% of noa, 92% of rab11, 66% of rpl19, 54% of v-ATPase-D full CDS respectively (GenBank accession number HQ148712, HQ315779, HQ315780 and HQ315781). The Blastn results showed high identity to D.melanogaster, each about 83%, 82%, 76% and 79% for noa, rab11, rpl19 and v-ATPase-D.
Stability of dsRNA and confirmation of ingestion of bacteria in the midgut
The midgut dissected from the flies fed by FD&C colored bacteria showed the blue color clearly (Figure 1A). The bacteria turned the abdomen of the fly to blue (Figure 1B). This experiment demonstrated that the bacteria accumulated in the midgut of the flies through ingestion. The results of electrophoresis demonstrated that the dsRNA exists 6 h after being added on the surface of the artificial diet (Figure 2). Considering that the feeding time of B.dorsalis is 8:00 to 10:30 and 15:00 to 18:00, replacing the artificial diet with new dsRNA or bacteria twice a day at 8:00 and 14:00 would be enough to ensure the validity of the dsRNA feeding methods [31].
(A) The midgut from the adult fed on FD&C blue colored bacteria for 3 days. (B) Blue color accumulated in the abdomen of adult fed by FD&C blue for 3 days. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
dsRNA on artificial was extracted and examined by electrophoresis for integrity every one hour.
Ingestion of dsRNA or dsRNA-expressing bacteria induced RNAi in Bactrocera dorsalis
To confirm that ingestion of dsRNA triggered a specific RNAi in B.dorsalis adult flies, qRT-PCR was performed to detect the mRNA level of each target genes. The experiment was designed following the MIQE instructions [32]. The results showed that ingestion of dsRNA or dsRNA-expressing bacteria both induced RNAi in B.dorsalis. Despite a high variability between different groups, something common could be found in the results. Among four groups directly fed with dsRNA solution, all four genes showed significant drop of target transcript compared to control group on certain day respectively (Fig. 3A, B, C and D). The maximum reduction of each target gene varied from 50% to 82%. The lowest point of noa transcript occurred on day 2 with a 71% decrease compared to ds-egfp control(Fig. 3A). The rpl19 mRNA showed obvious down-regulation on both day 1 and day 7 with a 85% decrease compared to control group (Fig. 3D). ds-rab11 and ds-v-ATPase-D treated group showed maximum down-regulation both on day 4 (Fig. 3B and D). The situation was somewhat different in the experiment of ingestion of bacteria expressing dsRNA. The reductions of target genes were not as significant as dsRNA feeding group. For example, only a 36% decrease of noa transcript and a 53% decrease of rpl19 transcript were observed during the bioassay (Fig. 4A and D). The effect of bacteria expressing ds-rab11 was not as significant as in dsRNA feeding group (Fig. 4B). Although suppression of targeted mRNAs could be observed by qRT-PCR, gross effects on morphology, growth and development were not apparent.
The samples of each group were collected on day0, day1, day2, day4 and day7. ds-egfp was used as control. All the experiments were triplicated. Asterisk stands for significant difference of relative expression. (p<0.05, Duncan's test).
The samples of each group were collected on day0, day1, day2, day4 and day7. Bacteria expressing ds-egfp was used as control. All the experiments were triplicated. Asterisk stands for significant difference of relative expression. (p<0.05, Duncan's test).
Continuously feeding dsRNA induced over-expression of the target genes
Interestingly, the expression of the four genes exhibited up-regulation notwithstanding the continuous feeding dsRNA-expressing bacteria or dsRNA for 14 days. Both bacteria and dsRNA treatment of rpl19 and rab11 induced over-expression of their mRNA levels. The peak of ds-rpl19 treated group appeared on day 4 with 7.8 times as high as ds-egfp control (Figure 3D) while in ds-rpl19 bacteria treated group the maximum expression appeared on day 2 (Figure 4D). rab11 showed 14.8 times up-regulation on day 4 in bacteria group (Figure 4B) and 5.2 times up-regulation on day 7 in ds-rab11 group (Figure 3B). For noa, the situation was different between dsRNA and bacteria treatment. Continuous feeding ds-noa directly did not cause significant over-expression (Figure 3A). However, in bacteria treatment, over-expression occurred on day 2 and day 7 (Figure 4A). Two tests on v-ATPase-D did not induce obvious over-expression compared to other genes with only first day showed 1.6 times up-regulation in bacterial treatment (Figure 4C).
Confirmation of gene knockdown in specific tissues
The results showed that both feeding dsRNA and engineered bacteria reduced the expression of target genes in specific tissues. noa transcripts in nervous system, fat body, ovary and testes were significantly affected in both treatment (Figure 5A and B). It was also easy to see that RNAi effect was more obvious in tissues of interest compared to whole insect. All tissues exhibited a decrease of noa expression on day 2 and up-regulation on day 7 in dsRNA treated group. Bacteria expressing ds-noa induced higher over-expression than directly feeding ds-noa. In bacteria treated group, fatbody and testes showed up-regulation both on day 2 and day 7. rab11 transcripts in target tissues such as midgut, ovary and testes were obviously reduced in bacteria treatment groups except rab11 mRNA level in testes were up-regulated (Figure 6A). Compared to bacteria treatment, obvious silence could not be observed till day 7 in midgut and ovary in ds-rab treatment group (Figure 6B). For v-ATPase-D and rpl19 group, midgut was dissected to confirm the tissue-specific knockdown. v-ATPase-D expression in midgut was quite similar with the results of whole insect and previous results. Both up-regulation and down-regulation were not obvious using either method (Figure 7A and B). rpl19 mRNA level in midgut was almost the same as in whole insects in both treatments (Figure 8A and B).
(A) Expression of noa after feeding bacteria expressing ds-noa. (B) Expression of noa after feeding ds-noa. N: nervous system; F: fatbody; T: testes; O: ovary; W: whole insect. egfp was used as control. All the experiments were triplicated. Asterisk stands for significant difference of relative expression. (p<0.05, Duncan's test).
(A) Expression of rab11 after feeding bacteria expressing ds-rab11. (B) Expression of rab11 after feeding ds-rab11. M: midgut; T: testes; O: ovary; W: whole insect. egfp was used as control. All the experiments were triplicated. Asterisk stands for significant difference of relative expression. (p<0.05, Duncan's test).
(A) Expression of v-ATPase-D after feeding bacteria expressing ds-v-ATPase-D. (B) Expression of v-ATPase-D after feeding ds-v-ATPase-D. M: midgut; W: whole insect. egfp was used as control. All the experiments were triplicated. Asterisk stands for significant difference of relative expression. (p<0.05, Duncan's test).
(A) Expression of rpl19 after feeding bacteria expressing ds-rpl19. (B) Expression of rpl19 after feeding ds-rpl19. M: midgut; W: whole insect. egfp was used as control. All the experiments were triplicated. Asterisk stands for significant difference of relative expression. (p<0.05, Duncan's test).
Ingestion of certain dsRNA caused death in adult flies and influenced egg production
Our results were different from the data of Baum's group which relative low dose of rpl19 and v-ATPase-D dsRNA caused high mortality to the larva WCR. In the bioassay done on B.dorsalis, only rab11 caused relatively high death rate (Figure 9). The largest death rate occurred in the group feeding on ds-rab11. Approximately 21% flies died in the bioassay which is significantly higher than control group (p<0.05). rpl19, v-ATPase-D and noa dsRNA didn't cause significant death in B.dorsalis adult flies (data not shown). The eggs laid by ds-noa and ds-rab11 treated females were also collected and examined under microscope (Figure 10). In ds-noa treated group, each female could produce approximately 21 eggs per day in average which is a 32% drop compared to the control. A 20% drop of egg production was observed in the females from ds-rab11 treated group. However, no morphological changes were observed in eggs or reproductive systems.
Mortality rate of adult flies in dsRNA treatment and bacteria treatment in 14 days bioassay was caculated. Asterisk stands for significant difference of relative expression. (p<0.05, Duncan's test).
(A) number of eggs laid by ds-rab11 treated females and males (B) number of eggs laid by normal virgin females mating with ds-noa treated males. ds-egfp treatment group was used as control. NS stands for that there was no significant difference at p<0.05 level.
Discussion
In this study we demonstrated that ingestion of dsRNA and bacteria expressing dsRNA can inhibit the transcription of target genes in B.dorsalis. Furthermore, this effect is not limited to the genes which are expressed in midgut. Before the bioassay, we try to obtain the sid-1 gene which is crucial for the systemic RNAi effects. However, using degenerated primers designed based on the conserved domain of sid-1, we didn't get the expected fragment. Although B.dorsalis lacks sid-1 gene, the success of RNAi in B.dorsalis suggest that other factors might explain this phenomenon. In fact, previous research confirms this result. Saleh et al. demonstrates that dsRNA uptake into cultured Drosophila S2 cell involving a receptor-mediated endocytosis rather than a sid-1 mechanism. Moreover, endocytosis of dsRNA also seems to occur in C.elegans [25]. Their recent study demonstrated that infected cells spread systemically silencing signal after virus infection throughout D.melanogaster which requires endocytosis [33]. These results suggest that uptake of dsRNA through endocytosis might also occur in B.dorsalis instead of sid-1 based mechanism.
Feeding dsRNA or engineered bacteria both induced the silence of target genes. dsRNA ingested through diet caused significant drop of transcript level in B.dorsalis compared to control group. A maximum 71% decrease was observed on day 2 for noa group, 50% decrease for rab11 on day 4, 35% decrease for v-ATpase-D on day 4 and 86% decrease for rpl19 on day 7 through ingestion of each dsRNA. The RNAi effect of feeding bacteria expressing dsRNA was not as obvious as feeding dsRNA. For example, only 36% drop could be observed on day 2 in bacteria expressing ds-noa group. It was same with the other 3 genes. Our results were consistent with previous research using oral delivery of dsRNA method. Feeding dsRNA to the termite R. flavipes reduced Cell-1 and Hex-2 mRNA relative expression by nearly 60% on day 2 [13]. Salivary gland nitrophorin 2 demonstrated a significant decrease of 42% 48 h after ingestion dsRNA in R. prolixus [15]. Other successful examples in S. frugiperda and E. postvittana also indicated that feeding dsRNA could silence target gene expression in many insect orders [12], [16]. qRT-PCR results suggested that feeding dsRNA to B.dorsalis could achieve the same silence effect on mRNA level as in other insects.
In this experiment, tissue specific RNAi effect could be observed in midgut, nervous system and reproductive system. For noa and rab11, RNAi effect was more obvious in target tissues like ovary and testes compared to whole insect. For example, noa transcript level exhibited 93% and 87% decrease in testes and ovary respectively 2 days after bacteria treatment compared to 43% in whole insect. It was the same about the expression of v-ATpase-D and rpl19 in midgut and whole insect after bacteria and dsRNA treatment. Previous studies also indicated that RNAi effect were not limited to genes expressing in midgut. Using in vitro synthesized dsRNA feed E. postvittana larva successfully silences the expression of pheromone binding protein gene in antenna [12]. Ingestion of dsRNA can effectively inhibit gene expression in S. exigua when insects are fed with dsRNA targeting non-midgut genes [17]. These facts suggested that delivery of dsRNA through ingestion could inhibit the gene expression not only in midgut but also in other parts of insect. Considering that midgut and associated structures are the only regions uncovered by chitin exoskeleton, uptake of dsRNA probably happens in midgut [21]. Thus, how the effect transferred from midgut to other part of the insect need to be further discussed.
Based on the effect of dsRNA on transcript levels of target genes, we would expect a high mortality happened in v-ATpase-D and rpl19 feeding research and reduced egg production in rab11 and noa. Furthermore, v-ATPase-A and rpl19 also caused high mortality in the test of WCR feeding assays at relatively low dose [11]. Price and Gatehouse have also mentioned that the demonstrated efficacy of targeting v- ATPase-A could easily be extended to other insect species [21]. Besides, in D.melanogaster, the rab11 mutant males and females are sterile [30]. However, in our bioassay, the mortality of both rpl19 and v-ATpase-D are relatively low (data not shown) in spite of high dose of dsRNA compared with the LC50 for the same genes in the research of Baum et al. on WCR larva [11]. Ingestion of ds-rab11 and ds-noa did not reduce the egg production significantly. Several reasons might contribute to this phenomenon. First, in this experiment, adult flies were chosen as the object of the research. Quite a few studies were focused on adult insect using feeding method. In the research by Baum et al., larva was used as the target for WCR assay [11]. Moreover, it is highly possible that different RNAi mechanism exists in Diptera species as described above.
Over-expression of target genes was observed in B.dorsalis for the first time. It is not clear about the mechanisms involved. This phenomenon may due to either stress response triggered by RNAi or resistance to RNAi which might exists in insect. Some previous study may offer some inspiration to us. First, mammalian hosts have involved with some defense mechanism against dsRNA virus. The infection triggers a signal cascade activating interferon stimulated gene (ISGs) [34]. Recent studies indicate that siRNA and shRNA targeting particular gene can also induce nonspecific effects in cells by activating ISGs involved in the stress response pathways [35], [36]. The level of activation observed varies depending on the concentration of the RNAi molecule or on cell line. Some studies have also indicated that 3 signaling pathway are activated in antiviral process of D.melanogaster, Toll-way, IMD-way and Jak-STAT pathway [37], [38]. Actually, transfection of siRNAs results in interferon (IFN)-mediated activation of the Jak–STAT pathway and global upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes in human cells [35].These facts suggest that stress response to RNAi may play a key role in the over-expression of target genes. Second, some evidences indicate it has been known for a while that some plant, insect and even some mammalian viruses have to counteract RNAi to invade their hosts [39]. This mechanism involved with mutation in the target regions, viral proteins as the suppressors of RNAi or the resistant to Dicer activity [40]–[44]. Although to date, no evidences have shown that either of these mechanisms exists in eukaryotes, these facts still offer a perspective of further study on the over-expression of target genes happened in RNA interference.
Materials and Methods
Insects
A laboratory strain of B. dorsalis was reared as experimental material. Adult flies were maintained in cages at 28°C under a 12 h light∶12 h dark photoperiod on artificial diets consisting of 2.5% yeast extract, 7.5% sugar, 2.5% honey, 0.5% agar and 87% H2O. Hatched larvae were cultured by periodic transfer to bananas.
Cloning of target genes
Total RNAs from adult flies were extracted with RNAiso™ Plus (TaKaRa). First strand cDNA was produced from 1 µg RNA using PrimeScript™ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (TaKaRa). Degenerated primers were designed using icodehop program (Table 1). PCR fragments were purified using Universal DNA purification Kit (TIANGEN), then cloned into pEASY-T1 Simple Cloning Vector (TRANSGEN) and sequenced.
Plasmid Construction and Expression of dsRNA
According to Baum's research, dsRNA prepared from different sections of coding region showed activity comparable to full length dsRNA [11]. So randomly chosen section on coding region of each target gene was amplified from adult flies' cDNA. In order to construct the plasmid expressing dsRNA, fragments of each four genes were amplified by RT-PCR using specific primers (Table 1). egfp fragment which was used as control was amplified from Pub·nls·EGFP (Provided by Dr. Handler, USDA). The underlined portions of sequence were SacI and HindIII restriction sites respectively. PCR products were then cloned into MCS of L4440 plasmid. The L4440 plasmid, which was obtained from Genecool, has two T7 promoters in inverted orientation flanking the multiple cloning site. The plasmid constructs L4440-rpl19, L4440-rab11, L4440-v-typeATPase-D, L4440-noa were verified by PCR, restriction analysis and sequencing.
HT115(DE3) competent cells lacking RNase III were prepared using standard CaCl2 methodology and were transformed with recombinant plasmid DNA. Single colonies of HT115(DE3) were cultured in LB at 37°C with shaking at 220 rpm overnight. The culture was diluted 100-fold in 800 ml 2×YT supplemented with 75 µg/ml ampicillin plus 12.5 µg/ml tetracycline and cultured at 37°C to OD600 = 0.5. Synthesis of T7 polymerase was induced with 0.4 mM IPTG and the bacteria were incubated with shaking for an additional 4 h at 37°C. For bacteria feeding experiments, bacteria were centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 min and resuspended in ddH2O to 250×.
Quantification and Purification of dsRNA
Total nucleic acids were extracted as described by Fire et al [4]. Bacteria cultures were centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 min. Cell pellets were resuspended in 1 M ammonium acetate/10 mM EDTA plus the same volume of phenol∶chloroform∶isoamyl alcohol (25∶24∶1). The samples were incubated at 65°C for 30 min and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 15 min. The upper phase was mixed with isopropanol, incubated at −20°C overnight and centrifuged at 12,000 g for 30 min. The nucleic acid was treated with RQ1 RNase free DNase (Promega) to remove single strand DNA and RNase A solution (Promega) to remove single strand RNA. The nucleic acid pellets were resuspended in 1×TE buffer, pH 7.5 and loaded onto a 2% agarose TBE gel, stained with ethidium bromide, and photographed. The concentration was determined by Nanodrop 1000(Thermo).
Stability of dsRNA and confirmation of ingestion of bacteria in the midgut
To confirm that the bacteria expressing dsRNA was introduced into the gut through ingestion, the bacteria were colored in 0.1% FD&C blue solution. After being fed with FD&C colored bacteria for 3 days, midgut was dissected and photographed. To ensure the integrity of dsRNA during feeding period, we did done a test to guarantee the validity of the experiment. The dsRNA on the diet was extracted every one hour and examined on a 2% agarose TBE gel.
Feeding bioassays
Newly emerged flies were collected on day 0 (within 12 hr after eclosion) and moved into a 30 cm×30 cm×30 cm box. For each treatment 60 flies (sex ratio 1∶1) was reared in each box and the experiment was triplicated. Artificial diet was cut into round piece with diameter 3.2 cm. Each piece was covered by 200 µl dsRNA solution (2 µg/µl) or 200 µl 250× bacteria expressing dsRNA. The artificial diet with dsRNA or bacteria was replaced by new one twice a day. For the bioassay of rpl19 and v-ATPase-D, the adult flies were fed by the dsRNA diet for continuous 14 days. For noa, only male flies were fed by the dsRNA diet for 14 days. Then the RNAi individuals were allowed to mate with the virgin control females. For rab11, both male and female flies were fed by the dsRNA diet for 14 days. Then the RNAi males were mated with RNAi females. The egg production was counted for continuous 7 days after mating for noa and rab11 group. 6 flies (sex ratio 1∶1) were collected on day 0, 1, 2, 4 and day 7 for qRT-PCR and frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at −80°C before use. RNAs were extracted from abdomens of flies using RNAiso™ Plus (TaKaRa). Mortality of each group was recorded.
Confirmation of gene expression in specific tissues
Feeding bioassays were redone as described before to confirm the gene knockdown in specific tissues. In each group, either dsRNA or bacteria expressing dsRNA were added to the artificial diet for continuous 7 days. Samples were collected on different days in each group according to the results in previous bioassays. 2 days with significant changes of gene expression in previous bioassays were chosen to collect samples for each group as follows: both ds-noa and ds-noa bacterial treatment group on day 2 and day 7; both ds-rab and ds-rab bacterial treatment group on day 4 and day 7; ds-v-ATPase-D treatment group on day 4 and day 7, ds-v-ATPase-D bacterial treatement group on day 1 and day 4; ds-rpl19 treatment group on day 4 and day 7,and ds-rpl19 bacteira treatment group on day 2 and day 7. Different tissues were isolated from the samples collected in the experiments. RNAs were extracted using RNAiso™ Plus (TaKaRa).
Real-time PCR
Real-time RT-PCR was performed using One Step SYBR® PrimeScript™ RT-PCR Kit (TaKaRa) according to the manufacturer's instructions on a BioRad iCycler. The assays were triplicated. In order to avoid the disturbance of off target effect, primers for qPCR were designed to detect the part outside the dsRNA fragment. 16S rRNA was chosen as internal control gene after validation. The relative gene expression data were analyzed using 2−ΔΔCT method as described by Livak and Schmittgen [45]. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Acknowledgments
We sincerely thank Prof. Xueqi Fu (JiLin University) for his kindly help offering HT115 strain and www.genecool.com for providing the L4440 vector. We would also like to thank Dr. Handler (USDA) for providing the Pub·nls·EGFP vector.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HZ XL. Performed the experiments: XL MZ. Analyzed the data: XL HZ MZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HZ. Wrote the paper: XL HZ.
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