Figures
Abstract
Two-dimensional stretched flow of Jeffrey fluid in view of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux is addressed. Effects of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions are also considered. Suitable transformations are used to form ordinary differential equations. Convergent series solutions are computed. Impact of significant parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration and skin friction coefficient is addressed. Analysis of thermal relaxation is made. The obtained results show that ratio of relaxation to retardation times and Deborah number have inverse relation for velocity profile. Temperature distribution has decreasing behavior for Prandtl number and thermal relaxation time. Also concentration decreases for larger values of strength of homogeneous reaction parameter while it increases for strength of heterogeneous reaction parameter.
Citation: Hayat T, Qayyum S, Imtiaz M, Alsaedi A (2016) Impact of Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux in Jeffrey Fluid Flow with Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Reactions. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0148662. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148662
Editor: Bing-Yang Cao, Tsinghua University, CHINA
Received: November 3, 2015; Accepted: January 21, 2016; Published: February 9, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Hayat et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Importance of non-Newtonian fluids in boundary layer flow has increased. It is because of their extensive industrial and technological applications. The usual Navier-Stokes equation fails to describe the behavior of these kinds of flows. Mathematical formulation for such flows is in general complex. Such fluids cannot be examined by a single constitutive relationship between shear stress and rate of strain. The non-Newtonian materials are employed in applications related to biological sciences, geophysics and chemical and petroleum processes. Materials such as drilling muds, apple sauce, foams, soaps, sugar solution pastes, clay coating, ketchup, lubricant, certain oils, colloidal and suspension solutions are the non-Newtonian fluids. There are three types of non-Newtonian fluids e.g. differential, integral and rate types. Rate type fluids depicts the impact of relaxation and retardation time. Jeffrey fluid is one of the rate type materials. It shows the linear viscoelastic effect of fluid which has many applications in polymer industries. There are many examples of Jeffrey fluid including dilute polymer solution. Hayat et al. [1] analyzed the power law heat flux and heat source with Jeffrey fluid, radiation and porous medium. Hayat et al. [2] described the magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow of a Jeffrey nanofluid with Newtonian heating. Farooq et al. [3] examined the Newtonian heating in MHD flow of Jeffrey fluid. Hamad et al. [4] studied the thermal jump effects on boundary layer flow of a Jeffrey fluid near the stagnation point with stretching/shrinking sheet and variable thermal conductivity. Tripathi et al. [5] studied the MHD Jeffrey fluid with MHD effect on a cylindrical tube of finite length. Das [6] discussed the impact of MHD flow of Jeffrey fluid in the presence of slip and heat transfer through porous channel. Abbasi et al. [7] examined influence of heat and mass flux conditions in hydromagnetic flow of Jeffrey nanofluid. Reddy et al. [8] analyzed the flow of Jeffrey fluid between torsionally oscillating disks.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are involved in many chemically reacting systems. Some of the reactions progress slowly or absolutely not, except in the presence of catalyst. The correlation between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions is very difficult involving the production and consumption of reactant species at different rates both within the fluid and on the catalytic surfaces. Especially the chemical reaction effect is quite significant in food processing, hydrometallurgical industry, manufacturing of ceramics and polymer production, fog formation and dispersion, chemical processing equipment design, crops damage via freezing and groves of fruit trees. Merkin [9] analyzed the viscous fluid passing through a flat plate with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. Chaudhry and Merkin [10] studied boundary layer flow of viscous fluid in presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. Bachok et al. [11] analyzed homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in stagnation point flow towards a stretching sheet. Khan and Pop [12] investigated effects of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in the flow of viscoelastic fluid towards a stretching sheet. Kameswaran et al. [13] discussed the flow of nanofluid over a porous stretching sheet with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. Newtonian heating in presence of carbon nanotube and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions are illustrated by Hayat et al. [14]. MHD flow of nanofluid with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions and velocity slip is analyzed by Hayat et al. [15].
In industrial and engineering processes the heat transfer mechanism is very useful including nuclear reactor for cooling, energy production space cooling, biomedical applications such as heat conduction in tissues and magnetic drug targeting etc. Mechanism of heat transfer has been extensively described by classical Fourier heat conduction law [16]. However it has a major limitation that it yields a parabolic energy equation which indicates that initial disturbance is instantly experienced by the medium under consideration. This feature is referred in literature as “Paradox of heat conduction”. To overcome this situation, various researchers have proposed modifications in the Fourier's heat conduction law. Cattaneo [17] modified this law through the inclusion of relaxation time for heat flux which is defined as a time required establishing heat conduction once the temperature gradient is imposed. Equation of motion of a phonon gas and non-Fourier heat conduction has been obtained by Cao and Guo [18]. Christov [19] further modified the Cattaneo's model by replacing the ordinary derivative with the Oldroyd's upper convected derivative. Tibullo and Zampoli [20] examined the incompressible fluids reactions for Cattaneo-Christov heat conduction model. Straughan [21] applied Cattaneo-Christov thermal convection in horizontal layer of incompressible Newtonian fluid under the effect of gravity. Ciarletta and Straughan [22] studied the Cattaneo-Christov equations structural stability and uniqueness. Dong et al. [23] examined dynamical analysis of non-Fourier heat conduction and its application in nanosystems. Numerical studies on damping of thermal waves have been derived by Zhang et al. [24]. Han et al. [25] described the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model in flow of Maxwell fluid. Mustafa [26] discussed the upper convected flow of Maxwell fluid in presence of rotation and Cattaneo Christov heat flux.
The main purpose of present paper is to investigate the steady two-dimensional flow of Jeffrey fluid over a linearly stretching sheet. Effects of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction are clearly focused. Here we develop series solutions using homotopy analysis method [27–33]. Convergent series solutions are determined. Graphs are plotted and examined for the effects of interesting parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration and skin friction coefficient.
Problems Formulation
We consider steady two-dimensional flow of Jeffrey fluid in the presence of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux. Fluid flow is induced by a linear stretching sheet. Sheet is at constant temperature Tw and temperature far away from the sheet is T∞ (i.e Tw ≥ T∞) Flow analysis is carried out subject to homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions. Homogeneous reaction for cubic autocatalysis can be expressed as follows:
(1)
while first order isothermal reaction on the catalyst surface is presented in the form
(2)
Here a and b are the concentrations of the chemical species A and B and kc and ks are the rate constants. We assume that both reaction processes are isothermal. The conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy and concentration governing the present flow can be written below:
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
where (u, v) are the velocities along (x, y) directions respectively, ν for kinematic viscosity, T for temperature, cp for specific heat, ρ for fluid density, α for ratio of relaxation to retardation times, λ1 for retardation time and q the heat flux satisfying the relation
(8)
in which λ2 is the thermal relaxation time and k the fluid thermal conductivity. Following Christov [19], we omit q by using Eqs (5) and (8) and obtain
(9)
The subjected boundary conditions are
(10)
where DA and DB are the diffusion coefficients and a0 is positive dimensional constant. Employing transformations
(11)
continuity equation is satisfied automatically and Eqs (4), (6), (7), (9) and (10) take the forms:
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
where Pr is for Prandtl number, β for Deborah number, γ for thermal relaxation time, Sc for Schmidt number, k1 and k2 for measure of strength of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions respectively and δ for ratio of diffusion coefficient. These parameters are defined as follows:
(17)
Here it is assumed that diffusion coefficients of chemical species A and B are of a comparable size. Through this we assume that DA and DB are same, i.e. δ = 1 and thus:
(18)
Now Eqs 14 and 15 yield
(19)
with boundary conditions
(20)
Skin friction coefficient in dimensional form is
(21)
where τw is the shear stress. Skin friction coefficient in dimensionless form along the x – direction is defined as follows:
(22)
Exact analytical solution of Eq (12) is [31]
(23)
where
(24)
Homotopic Solutions
3.1. Zeroth-Order Deformation Equations
Since exact solution for velocity is given in Eqs (23) and (24). However the exact solutions for the temperature and concentration related systems (Eqs (25), (26) and conditions (16), (20)) are not possible. Thus homotopy analysis method is implemented to get analytical solution of considered problem. Initial guesses and auxiliary linear operators are taken as follows:
(27)
(28)
with
(29)
in which ci (i = 1 − 4) are the constants.
If q ∈ [0,1] indicates the embedding parameter and ℏθ and ℏg are the non-zero auxiliary parameters then the zeroth order deformation problems are
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
where the nonlinear differential operators Ng and Nθ are given by
(34)
(35)
3.2. mth Order Deformation Equations
The mth order deformation equations are
(36)
(37)
(38)
where the functions Rθ,m(η) and Rg,m(η) have the following forms:
(39)
(40)
(41)
The general solutions (θm, gm) comprising the special solutions (,
) are
(42)
where the constants ci (i = 1 − 4) through the boundary conditions (38) have the values
(43)
Convergence Analysis
The method of homotopy analysis gives us opportunity and a simpler way to adjust and control the convergence of the series solutions. The auxiliary parameters ℏθ and ℏg have much importance for the series solution convergence. For that purpose the ℏ – curves at 10th order of approximations are plotted (see Fig 1). Admissible values of auxiliary parameters are −1.2 ≤ ℏθ ≤ −0.5 and −2 ≤ ℏg ≤ −0.5. Also the HAM solutions converge in the full range of η (0 ≤ η ≤ ∞) where ℏθ = −1 and ℏg = −1.5.
Table 1 demonstrates the convergence of velocity, temperature and concentration equations. It is noted that 12th and 15th order of approximations are enough for the convergence of θ′(0) and g′(0).
Results and Discussion
In this section Figs (2–14) and Table 2 show the behavior of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration and skin friction coefficient.
5.1. Dimensionless Velocity Profiles
Figs 2 and 3 illustrate the dimensionless velocity profile f′(η) for several values of ratio of relaxation to retardation times α and Deborah number β. It is noted that momentum boundary layer decreases via larger α. Since α is inversely proportional to the retardation time of the non-Newtonian fluid so by increasing α there is reduction in retardation time and consequently the fluid flow reduces (Fig 2). Fig 3 represents the impact of various values of Deborah number β on dimensionless velocity f′(η) when α = 0.2. Here larger Deborah number leads to an increase in momentum boundary layer. It is due to the fact that β and stretching rate of sheet are proportional to each other (i.e. β = λ1c).
5.2. Dimensionless Temperature Profiles
Figs 4–7 show the impact of increasing values of Prandtl number Pr, thermal relaxation time γ, ratio of relaxation to retardation times α and Deborah number β on dimensionless temperature θ(η). Fig 4 shows the influence of various values of Pr on fluid temperature. We observed that temperature is decreasing function of Prandtl number Pr. Thermal diffusivity of the fluid layer reduces for larger Pr. Both temperature and thermal boundary layer decrease. Temperature profile for increasing value of γ is shown in Fig 5. Here by increasing thermal relaxation time the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness decrease. It is due to fact that as we increase the thermal relaxation time parameter, particles of the material require more time to transfer heat to its neighboring particles. In other words we can say that for higher values of thermal relaxation parameter the material shows a non-conducting behavior which is responsible in reduction of temperature distribution. We observed from Fig 6 that temperature increases for higher values of α. By increasing α we noted that there is increase in relaxation time and decrease in retardation time. Temperature enhances since increase in relaxation time is more than the retardation time. Temperature decreases for larger value of Deborah number (Fig 7). Here β = λ1c indicates that retardation time enhances with an increase in Deborah number. Such increase in retardation time corresponds to the decrease in the temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness.
5.3. Dimensionless Concentration Profiles
Figs 8–12 show the effect of measure of strength of homogeneous reaction k1, measure of strength of the heterogeneous reaction k2, Schmidt number Sc, ratio of relaxation to retardation times α and Deborah number β on dimensionless concentration profile g(η). Effect of k1 on concentration profile is shown in Fig 8. It shows that by increasing k1 there is a decrease in concentration profile (because the reactants are consumed during chemical reaction). Fig 9 shows the impact of k2 on concentration profile g. For increasing value of k2 the diffusion coefficient reduces and less diffused particles enhance the concentration. Effect of Schmidt number Sc on g(η) is shown in Fig 10. Increasing behavior of concentration profile is noted for larger Sc. In fact Schmidt number is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity. Therefore higher value of Schmidt number correspond to higher momentum diffusivity which in turn enhances the concentration profile. Behavior of ratio of relaxation to retardation times α on concentration distribution is analyzed in Fig 11. It is noted that for increasing value of α there is decrease in g. Fig 12 depicts that concentration profile enhances with an increase in β.
5.4. Surface Concentration
Fig 13 depicts the influence of strength of homogeneous reaction parameter k1 on surface concentration g(0). One can see from the Fig that by increasing k1 there is a decrease in g(0). Variation of dimensionless wall concentration g(0) for different values of Schmidt number Sc is shown in Fig 14. It shows that Sc is increasing function of g(0).
5.5. Skin Friction Coefficient
Table 2 depicts the numerical values of for increasing values of the different involved parameters. It is noted that for increasing α the skin friction coefficient decreases while there is increase in skin friction coefficient via larger β. The values of shear stress at the surface are compared with previous published results in Table 3. Here it is seen that the obtained solutions agree well with results of Abbasi et al. [7].
Conclusions
Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model is used to study the flow of Jeffrey fluid over a stretching sheet. Effects of homogeneous-heterogeneous are taken into account. Key points are as follows:
- Velocity profile is increasing function of Deborah number and decreasing function of ratio of relaxation to retardation times.
- Temperature decreases when Prandtl number and thermal relaxation time are increased.
- Effects of strength of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are opposite for concentration distribution.
- Concentration is more via larger Schmidt number.
- Surface drag force reduces when ratio of relaxation to retardation times is increased.
- Present results of surface shear stress agree well with previous published work.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: TH SQ MI AA. Performed the experiments: TH SQ MI AA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TH SQ MI AA. Wrote the paper: TH SQ MI AA.
References
- 1. Hayat T, Shehzad SA, Qasim M, Obaidat S (2012) Radiative flow of Jeffrey fluid in a porous medium with power law heat flux and heat source. Nuclear Eng Design, 243, 15–19.
- 2. Hayat T, Imtiaz M, Alsaedi A (2015) Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow of a Jeffrey nanofluid with Newtonian heating. J Aerospace Eng, , 04015063.
- 3. Farooq M, Gull N, Alsaedi A, Hayat T (2015) MHD flow of a Jeffrey fluid with Newtonian heating. J Mech, 33, 1–11.
- 4. Hamad MAA, Gaied SMA, Khan WA (2013) Thermal jump effects on boundary layer flow of a Jeffrey fluid near the stagnation point on a stretching/shrinking sheet with variable thermal conductivity. J Fluids, 2013, 749271.
- 5. Tripathi D, Ali N, Hayat T, Chaube MK, Hendi AA (2011) Peristaltic flow of MHD Jeffrey fluid through a finite length cylindrical tube. Appl Math Mech (Eng Ed), 32, 1148–1160.
- 6. Das K (2012) Influence of slip and heat transfer on MHD peristaltic flow of a Jeffrey fluid in an inclined asymmetric porous channel. Ind J Math, 54, 19–45.
- 7. Abbasi FM, Shehzad SA, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Obid MA (2015) Influence of heat and mass flux conditions in hydromagnetic flow of Jeffreynanofluid. AIP Advances 5, 037111.
- 8. Reddy GB, Sreenadh S, Reddy RH, Kavitha A (2015) Flow of a Jeffrey fluid between torsionally oscillating disks. Ain Shams Eng J, 6, 355–362.
- 9. Merkin JH (1996) A model for isothermal homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions in boundary layer flow. Math Comput Model, 24, 125–136.
- 10. Chaudhary MA, Merkin JH (1995) A simple isothermal model for homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions in boundary layer flow: I. Equal diffusivities. Fluid Dyn Res, 16, 311–333.
- 11. Bachok N, Ishak A, Pop I (2011) On the stagnation-point flow towards a stretching sheet with homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions effects. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul, 16, 4296–4302.
- 12. Khan WA, Pop I (2012) Effects of homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions on the viscoelastic fluid towards a stretching sheet. ASME J Heat Transf, 134, 1–5.
- 13. Kameswaran PK, Shaw S, Sibanda P, Murthy PVSN (2013) Homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions in a nanofluid flow due to porous stretching sheet. Int J Heat Mass Transf, 57, 465–472.
- 14. Hayat T, Farooq M, Alsaedi A (2015) Homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions in the stagnation point flow of carbon nanotubes with Newtonian heating. AIP Adv, 5, 027130.
- 15. Hayat T, Imtiaz M, Alsaedi A (2015) MHD flow of nanofluid with homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions and velocity slip. Therm Sci,
- 16.
Fourier JBJ (1822) Theorie analytique De La chaleur, Paris.
- 17. Cattaneo C (1948) Sulla conduzione del calore, Atti Semin. Mat Fis Univ Modena Reggio Emilia 3, 83–101.
- 18. Cao BY, Guo ZY (2007) Equation of motion of a phonon gas and non-Fourier heat conduction. J Appl Phys 102, 053503.
- 19. Christov CI (2009) On frame indifferent formulation of the Maxwell-Cattaneo model of finite speed heat conduction. Mech Res Commun, 36, 481–486.
- 20. Tibullo V, Zampoli V (2011) A uniqueness result for the Cattaneo—Christov heat conduction model applied to incompressible fluids. Mech Res Commun, 38, 77–79.
- 21. Straughan B (2010) Thermal convection with the Cattaneo—Christov model. Int J Heat Mass Transf, 53, 95–98.
- 22. Ciarletta M, Straughan B (2010) Uniqueness and structural stability for the Cattaneo—Christov equations. Mech Res Commun 37, 445–447.
- 23. Dong Y, Cao BY, Guo ZY (2011) Dynamical analysis of non-Fourier heat conduction and its application in nanosystems. J Appl Phys, 110, 063504.
- 24. Zhang MK, Cao BY, Guo YC (2014) Numerical studies on damping of thermal waves. Int J Therm Sci, 84, 9–20.
- 25. Han S, Zheng L, Li C, Zhang X (2014) Coupled flow and heat transfer in viscoelastic fluid with Cattaneo—Christov heat flux model. Appl Math Lett, 38, 87–93.
- 26. Mustafa M (2015) Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model for rotating flow and heat transfer of upper-convected Maxwell fluid. AIP Adv, 5, 047109.
- 27. Sui J, Zheng L, Zhang X, Chen G (2015) Mixed convection heat transfer in power law fluids over a moving conveyor along an inclined plate. Int J Heat Mass Transf, 85, 1023–1033.
- 28. Rashidi MM, Ali M, Freidoonimehr N, Rostami B, Hossian A (2014) Mixed convection heat transfer for viscoelastic fluid flow over a porous wedge with thermal radiation. Adva Mech Eng, 204, 735939.
- 29. Farooq U, Zhao YL, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Liao SJ (2015) Application of the HAM-based mathematica package BVPh 2.0 on MHD Falkner—Skan flow of nanofluid. J Comp fluid, 111, 69–75.
- 30. Abbasbandy S, Yurusoy M, Gulluce H (2014) Analytical solutions of non-linear equations of power-law fluids of second grade over an infinite porous plate. Math Comp Appl, 19, 124.
- 31. Turkyilmazoglu M, Pop I (2013) Exact analytical solutions for the flow and heat transfer near the stagnation point on a stretching/shrinking sheet in a Jeffrey fluid. Int J Heat Mass Transf, 57, 82–88.
- 32. Hayat T, Shafiq A, Mustafa M, Alsaedi A (2015) Boundary-layer flow of Walters' B fluid with Newtonian heating. Z Naturforsch A, 70, 333–341.
- 33. Hayat T, Imtiaz M, Alsaedi A (2015) Impact of magnetohydrodynamics in bidirectional flow of nanofluid subject to second order slip velocity and homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions. J Magn Magn Mater, 395, 294–302.