Figures
Abstract
This paper looks at the flow of Jeffrey fluid due to a curved stretching sheet. Effect of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions is considered. An electrically conducting fluid in the presence of applied magnetic field is considered. Convective boundary conditions model the heat transfer analysis. Transformation method reduces the governing nonlinear partial differential equations into the ordinary differential equations. Convergence of the obtained series solutions is explicitly discussed. Characteristics of sundry parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are analyzed by plotting graphs. Computations for pressure, skin friction coefficient and surface heat transfer rate are presented and examined. It is noted that fluid velocity and temperature through curvature parameter are enhanced. Increasing values of Biot number correspond to the enhancement in temperature and Nusselt number.
Citation: Imtiaz M, Hayat T, Alsaedi A (2016) MHD Convective Flow of Jeffrey Fluid Due to a Curved Stretching Surface with Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Reactions. PLoS ONE 11(9): e0161641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161641
Editor: Zhong-Ke Gao, Tianjin University, CHINA
Received: April 26, 2016; Accepted: August 9, 2016; Published: September 1, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Imtiaz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data is within the paper.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
1. Introduction
The study of non-Newtonian fluids has gained special focus of the recent researchers and engineers. Such motivation of the researchers is due to various applications of non-Newtonian fluids in technology and industrial areas. Unlike the viscous materials, the non-Newtonian fluids cannot be explained using well known Navier-Stokes theory. A single constitutive relationship cannot describe the characteristics of non-Newtonian liquids. The facts of non-Newtonian fluids are distinct than the viscous materials. The order of differential system in non-Newtonian fluid situation is higher than the viscous material. There are many proposed models of non-Newtonian fluids with diverse properties. These fluids in general have been classified into three categories known as the rate, the differential and the integral types. The most common and simplest model of non-Newtonian fluids is Jeffrey fluid. Such fluid has time derivative instead of convected derivative. Aspects of retardation and relaxation times are described by this fluid model. MHD flow of Jeffrey fluid in a cylindrical tube has been studied by Tripathi et al. [1]. Influences of slip and heat transfer on MHD peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid have been examined by Das [2]. Variable thermal conductivity of Jeffrey fluid in presence of thermal jump has been analyzed by Hamad et al. [3]. Shehzad et al. [4] presented the nonlinear thermal radiation effect in three dimensional flow of Jeffrey nanofluid. Ellahi and Hussain [5] examined slip feature in flow of Jeffrey fluid. Hayat et al. [6] studied stagnation point flow of Jeffrey nanofluid in presence of Newtonian heating. Flow of Jeffrey fluid due to oscillation of disks has been studied by Reddy et al. [7]. Farooq et al. [8] analyzed MHD flow of Jeffrey fluid in presence of Newtonian heating.
Many chemically reacting systems involve homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions for example in biochemical systems, combustion and catalysis. The correlation between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions is very complex. Some of the reactions have the ability to proceed very slowly or not at all except in the presence of a catalyst. Fog formation and dispersion, food processing, ceramics and polymer production, hydrometallurgical industry etc. show obvious involvement of chemical reaction. Merkin [9] studied homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in flow of viscous fluid over a flat plate. He considered homogeneous reaction for cubic autocatalysis and heterogeneous reaction on the catalyst surface. It is shown that surface reaction dominants near the plate. Homogenous-heterogeneous reactions with equal diffusivities have been examined by Chaudhary and Merkin [10]. Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in stretched flow of viscous fluid have been investigated by Bachok et al. [11]. Khan and Pop [12] presented stretched flow of viscoelastic fluid in presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. Shaw et al. [13] studied homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in flow of micropolar fluid. Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in nanofluid flow over a permeable stretching surface have been analyzed by Kameswaran et al. [14]. Hayat et al. [15] investigated three dimensional flow of nanofluid in presence of second order slip velocity and homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions. Hayat et al. [16] also examined Cattaneo-Christov heat flux in MHD flow of Oldroyd-B fluid. Here homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions are considered.
Two-phase flow has wide applications in many industrial processes such as natural gas networks, spray processes, lubrication and nuclear reactor cooling. Main difference between single phase flow and multiphase flow is the existence of flow pattern which indicates a flow situation uniquely defined by the temporal and spatial distribution of the two immiscible phases. Three typical gas-liquid flow patterns are bubble flow, slug flow and churn flow. Research interests in the characterization of flow patterns lie on the fact that different flow patterns have distinct nonlinear dynamical properties. The recent advances in the study of multiphase flow are presented by Gao et al. [17–20].
Fluid flow by a stretching surface has promising applications in engineering and industrial processes such as in paper production, manufacture of foods, glass fiber, drawing of wires and plastic films, liquid films in condensation process, crystal growing, manufacturing and extraction of polymer and rubber sheets etc. Flow caused by stretching of a sheet has been examined by Crane [21]. After that stretched flow problems under different configurations have been examined by several researchers. Cortell [22] studied radiative nonlinear heat transfer in flow over a stretching sheet. Hsiao [23, 24] presented mixed convection effect in MHD flow of viscoelastic fluid past a stretching sheet with ohmic dissipation. Hsiao [25] examined MHD mixed convection for viscoelastic fluid past a porous wedge. Slip effect in stretched flow of nanofluid have been studied by Malvandi et al. [26]. Hsiao [27] investigated MHD stagnation point flow of nanofluid over a stretching sheet with mixed convection and partial slip. Sheikholeslami et al. [28] discussed effect of thermal radiation in magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet. Lin et al. [29] analyzed flow of pseudo-plastic nanoliquid over a stretching surface. In all these articles flat sheet is stretched and Cartesian coordinate system is used for mathematical modeling. Sajid et al. [30] provided fluid flow due to curved stretching sheet. They used curvilinear coordinate system in order to obtain the governing equations. They found that pressure is not negligible inside the boundary layer as in the case of a flat stretching sheet. Naveed et al. [31] studied MHD flow by a curved stretching surface. Time-dependent fluid flow due to curved stretching/shrinking surface has been presented by Rosca and Pop [32]. Radiative flow of nanofluid by a curved stretching surface with partial slip has been examined by Abbas et al. [33].
Main objective of present study is to extend the flow analysis of Sajid et al. [30] into following directions. Firstly, to model flow analysis for Jeffrey fluid. Secondly to predict the influence of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. Thirdly to examine heat transfer analysis in the presence of convective boundary conditions. Series solutions of present problem are computed by homotopy analysis method (HAM) [34–42]. The behaviors of different parameters on the physical quantities have been examined. Pressure, surface drag force and heat transfer rate are also studied. We hope that this study will lead to further investigations in future for various flow geometries and different flow models.
2. Model development
Consider two-dimensional flow of Jeffrey fluid induced by a curved stretching sheet at r = R. Stretching of sheet is taken in the x – direction with velocity u = uw. A magnetic field of strength B0 is applied in the r – direction. Also the bottom surface of sheet is heated by convection from a hot fluid at temperature Tf while ambient fluid temperature is T∞. Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions of two chemical species A and B are considered. For cubic autocatalysis, the homogeneous reaction is
(1)
while heterogeneous reaction on the catalyst surface is
(2)
where rate constants are defined by kc and ks and the chemical species A and B have concentrations a and b. Governing equations of present boundary layer flow problem are
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
with boundary conditions
(9)
where the velocity components in (r,x) direction are (v,u) respectively, p denotes the pressure, ρ the density, σ the electrical conductivity, ν the kinematic viscosity, c > 0 the stretching constant, λ1 the ratio of relaxation to retardation times, λ2 the retardation time, h the convective heat transfer coefficient, T the temperature, kf the thermal conductivity and α* the thermal diffusivity.
Using the following transformations
(10)
Eq (3) is satisfied automatically and Eqs 4–8 can be reduced as follows:
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
where
is the Hartman number, λ = λ2c is the Deborah number,
is the curvature parameter, Pr = ν / α is the Prandtl number, δ = DB / DA is the ratio of diffusion coefficient, Sc = ν / DA is the Schmidt number,
is the homogeneous reaction strength,
is the heterogeneous reaction strength and
is the Biot number.
Now eliminating pressure P between Eqs 11 and 12, we obtain
(17)
with boundary conditions
(18)
Pressure can now be determined from Eq 12 as
(19)
Here it is assumed that both chemical species have equal diffusion coefficients DA and DB, i.e. δ = 1 and thus
(20)
Now Eqs 14 and 15 yield
(21)
with the boundary conditions
(22)
Skin friction coefficient Cf and Nusselt number Nu are
(23)
where τrx represents surface shear stress and qw the wall heat flux which are given by
(24)
(25)
Finally, we have
(26)
(27)
where local Reynolds number is defined as Rex = cx2 / ν.
3. Homotopic solutions
3.1. Zeroth-order deformation problems
Auxiliary functions Hf, Hθ and HΦ, linear operators L1, L2 and L3 and the initial guesses f0(ξ), θ0(ξ) and Φ0(ξ) are taken in the forms
(28)
(29)
(30)
subject to the properties
(31)
(32)
(33)
in which ci (i = 1–8) are the constants.
If ℏf, ℏθ and ℏΦ are nonzero auxiliary parameters and p ∈ [0,1] denotes embedding parameter then the zeroth order deformation problems are as follows:
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
3.2. mth-order deformation problems
The mth order deformation problems are
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
The general solutions (fm, θm, Φm) comprising the special solutions
are
(49)
(50)
(51)
where the constants ci (i = 1–8) through the boundary conditions (44) have the values
(52)
4. Convergence analysis
Homotopy analysis method (HAM) involves an embedding auxiliary parameter ℏ which gives the freedom to choose and adjust convergence region of series solutions. The ℏ–curves are plotted to obtain valid ranges of these parameters (see Fig 1). Allowed values of ℏf, ℏθ and ℏΦ are −1.7 ≤ ℏf ≤ −0.9, −2 ≤ ℏθ ≤ −0.2 and −0.7 ≤ ℏΦ ≤ −0.3. Also HAM solutions converge when ℏf = −0.9, ℏθ = −1 and ℏΦ = −0.3 (Table 1).
5. Results and Discussion
In this section the effects of different parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration fields are investigated through plots.
5.1. Dimensionless velocity profile
Fig 2 depicts the variation of Hartman number M on the velocity distribution f′(ξ). An enhancement in the strength of magnetic field produces a resistive force which signifies the reduction of the fluid velocity. Here negative values of f′(ξ) indicate downward flow in the vertical direction. Fig 3 illustrates the behavior of Deborah number λ on the horizontal component of velocity f′(ξ). An increase in retardation time enhances elasticity. Since elasticity and viscosity effects are inversely proportional to each other so decrease in viscosity enhances the fluid velocity. Impact of λ1 on velocity profile f′(ξ) is depicted in Fig 4. An increase in λ1 corresponds to increase in relaxation time. It means particle needs much more time to come back from perturbed system to equilibrium system and consequently the fluid velocity decreases. Fig 5 shows impact of curvature parameter K on the velocity profile f′(ξ). Here increment in the magnitude of velocity profile is subjected to the enhanced values of K.
5.2. Dimensionless temperature profile
Temperature profile θ(ξ) is plotted in Fig 6 to show the effect of Prandtl number Pr. Since the thermal diffusivity decreases by increasing Pr so the temperature decreases. Fig 7 indicates that temperature increases for larger thermal Biot number γ1 as convective heat transfer coefficient enhances through increasing thermal Biot number γ1. Fig 8 exhibits variation of curvature parameter K on the dimensionless temperature profile θ(ξ). Enhancement in temperature distribution is observed for larger values of K.
5.3. Dimensionless concentration profile
Fig 9 shows that concentration profile Φ(ξ) is decreasing function of Schmidt number Sc. As increase in Sc reduces the mass diffusivity which consequently decrease fluid concentration. Fig 10 depicts the effect of strength of homogeneous reaction parameter k1 on concentration profile. Fluid concentration decreases due to the consumption of reactants when k1 is enhanced. Variation of strength of heterogeneous reaction parameter k2 on Φ is portrayed in Fig 11. Here the concentration profile increases for larger k2.
5.4 Dimensionless pressure profile
Figs 12–14 elucidate the variation in pressure profile for increasing values of Deborah number λ, ratio of relaxation to retardation times λ1 and curvature parameter K. Here an enhancement in pressure distribution is noted for increasing λ. Also pressure is decreasing function of λ1 and K.
5.5 Skin friction coefficient
Fig 15 shows variation of curvature parameter K on surface drag force against Hartman number M. It is noted that skin friction coefficient enhances for larger K and it reduces when M is increased. Impact of ratio of relaxation to retardation times λ1 via Deborah number λ on surface drag force is illustrated in Fig 16. Here surface drag force decreases for increasing λ1 while it increases for larger λ. Computed results of skin friction coefficient are compared with previously published articles in limiting cases and found in very good agreement (see Table 2).
5.6 Nusselt number
Impact of Biot number λ1 on surface heat transfer rate Nu(Rex)−1/2 via Prandtl number Pr is shown in Fig 17. It is noted that heat transfer rate enhances for larger values of λ1 and Pr. Fig 18 illustrates variation of Prandtl number Pr on Nusselt number against curvature parameter K. Here surface heat transfer rate decreases as curvature parameter K is enhanced while opposite effect is observed for increasing Pr.
5.7 Surface concentration
Variation of homogeneous reaction parameter k1 on surface concentration Φ(0) against Schmidt number Sc is shown in Fig 19. One can see that surface concentration decreases with the increase of k1 and Sc. It is in view of the fact that surface concentration reduces due to the consumption of reactants during chemical reaction. Influence of surface concentration via Schmidt number Sc for higher heterogeneous reaction parameter k2 is depicted in Fig 20. Here surface concentration increases when k2 is enhanced.
6. Concluding Remarks
Effects of homogeneous—heterogeneous reactions in convective flow of Jeffrey fluid due to a curved stretching sheet are studied. The following outcomes are noticed:
- Increase in the values of Deborah number and curvature parameter has similar effects on the velocity in a qualitative sense
- Fluid velocity and temperature enhance for larger curvature parameter.
- The strength of heterogeneous reaction enhances the fluid concentration.
- Pressure distribution has direct relationship with Deborah number.
- Opposite behavior of curvature parameter and Hartman number is seen on the surface drag force.
- Increasing values of Biot number correspond to an enhancement in temperature and Nusselt number.
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: MI TH AA.
- Data curation: MI TH AA.
- Formal analysis: MI TH AA.
- Investigation: MI TH AA.
- Methodology: MI TH AA.
- Project administration: MI TH AA.
- Resources: MI TH AA.
- Software: MI TH AA.
- Supervision: MI TH AA.
- Validation: MI TH AA.
- Visualization: MI TH AA.
- Writing – original draft: MI TH AA.
- Writing – review & editing: MI TH AA.
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