Abstract
Metallic implants have been successfully used in medicine for the past 60–70 years. Historically, implants were designed only as mechanical devices, whereas the biological aspects of their application were beyond the researchers’ interest. The improvement of living conditions and the increase of the average life span have changed the situation. The clinical requirements for medical implants rise up substantially. Presently, it seems impossible to imagine the use of metallic implants in the human body without preliminary surface modification to modulate the interaction between the surrounding biological environment and the implant. The review highlights the most recent advances in the field of functional coatings formed on implants by the plasma electrolytic oxidation technology. Special attention is dedicated to the principles of surface modification of the commercially pure titanium, titanium nickelide, and Mg-Mn-Ce magnesium alloy. The advantages and disadvantages of the method and the characteristics of these materials are discussed from this point of view. Some aspects of this review are aimed at corrosion protection of implants with application of polymer materials.
About the authors
Sergey Vasilievich Gnedenkov is currently the Deputy Director and head of the Department of Electrochemical Systems and Processes of Surface Modification in the Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vladivostok). He obtained his DSci degrees in chemistry in 2000 from the Institute of Chemistry. He received the Russian Government Award in the field of science and technology in 1998. He is currently the International Corrosion Council member from Russia. He has published more than 300 papers in reputed scientific journals, patents, and books.
Yurii Petrovich Sharkeev has completed his PhD at the age of 33 years from Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (Tomsk, Russia) and his DSci at the age of 50 years from the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Tomsk). He is the head of the Laboratory on Physics of Nanostructured Biocomposites of the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), and professor at the National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (Tomsk, Russia). His research interests are focused on physics of strength and plasticity of metals, alloys, and steels, physics of interaction of charged particles and plasma fluxes with metals and alloys, severe plastic deformation, structures, and properties of biocomposites on the base of bioinert nanostuctured metals and alloys and CaP bioactive coatings, additive technologies, bioengineering, and dental implants design. He has published more than 200 papers in reputed scientific journals and books.
Sergey Leonidovich Sinebryukhov is currently an Associate Professor and the head of the Non-Stationary Surface Processes Laboratory in the Institute of Chemistry (Vladivostok). He received his PhD and DSci degrees from the Institute of Chemistry in 1998 and 2013, respectively. He has published more than 150 papers in reputed scientific journals and books. His research interests are focused on physical chemistry and surface modification of metals and alloys.
Olga Alekseevna Khrisanfova received his PhD in physical chemistry from the Institute of Chemistry in 1990. She is a senior researcher at the Laboratory of Composite Coatings for Biomedical Applications in the Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Department of Russian Academy of Sciences. She has nearly 100 scientific articles and more than 20 patents. Her research interests are focused on elaboration of electrolytes compositions and solving of scientific problems and conditions for an electrochemical synthesis of protective coatings on some metals and alloys.
Elena Viktorovna Legostaeva has completed his PhD at the age of 29 years and DSci at the age of 40 years from Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Tomsk, Russia). She is a senior researcher at the Laboratory on Physics of Nanostructured Biocomposites of the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Her research interests are focused on advanced biocomposites based on bioinert metals and CaP coatings, materials science, and bioengineering. She has published more than 70 papers in reputed scientific journals and books.
Alexandra Grigorievna Zavidnaya obtained her PhD in chemistry from the Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2007. She develops the conditions for obtaining protective coatings on many metals and their alloys, such as steel, aluminum, titanium, and magnesium. Her research interests are focused on study of the interconnection of structure and properties of coatings. Currently, she is engaged in the synthesis and study of electrochemical and mechanical properties of the surface layers containing bioactive hydroxyapatite and phosphate compounds, alloys of titanium, and magnesium for use in implant surgery.
Artem Viktorovich Puz’ is the head of Laboratory of Composite Coatings for Biomedical Applications. In 2005, he graduated from the Far Eastern State Technical University with a master in engineering degree. He obtained his PhD in development of multifunctional plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings for medicine in 2014. His current research is focused on the application of new emerging technologies that allow the replacement of a significant portion of the materials used in current implant dentistry with a more physiologically acceptable and less traumatic material.
Igor Albertovivh Khlusov has completed his PhD at the age of 28 years from the Institute of Pharmacology (Tomsk) and DSci at the age of 33 years from Tomsk Medical Institute. He is a professor at Siberian State Medical University (Tomsk, Russia) and at the National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (Tomsk, Russia). He was the vice-rector of Siberian State Medical University (2013–2014) and the director of Tomsk Branch of Ilizarov Scientific Centre of Restorative Traumatology and Orthopedics (2009–2010). His research interests are focused on bioengineering, regenerative medicine, nanobiotechnologies, and materials science. He has published more than 100 papers in reputed scientific journals and books.
Denis Pavlovich Opra obtained his PhD in physical chemistry from Institute of Chemistry of Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences in 2013 and worked as a postdoctoral scientist. In May 2014, he was appointed a researcher, and in January 2015, head of the Group of Power Sources. His current research interests include coatings, nanostructures, Li-ion batteries, electrode materials, and transition metal oxides.
Acknowledgments
The Russian Science Foundation (project no. 14-33-00009) and the Russian Government (Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations) are sincerely acknowledged by S.V.G., S.L.S., O.A.K., A.G.Z., A.V.P., and D.P.O. for their partial financial support (in vitro and electrochemical research). The Program of Fundamental Research of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences III (project no. 23.2) on 2013–2016 and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 15-03-07659) are gratefully acknowledged by Yu.P.S., E.V.L., and I.A.K. for their partial funding (in vivo research).
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