Abstract
The carbohydrate degradation products have been examined, which are formed during the conventional kraft pulping of a softwood, hardwoods, bamboo, and wheat straw as well as soda and soda-anthraquinone pulping of wheat straw. The focus was on “volatile” acids such as formic and acetic acids and “nonvolatile” hydroxy monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids. The different consumption profiles were obtained for the charged alkali required for the neutralization of these aliphatic acids depending on the feedstock and the cooking method. The relative composition of the acid fraction in the black liquors of softwood and hardwood and nonwood feedstocks showed characteristic variations. However, in the case of wood kraft pulping, the variations in cooking conditions (effective alkali 19–21% and cooking temperature 155–170°C) had no significant effect on the acid composition. The total amount of volatile and hydroxy acids formed during pulping at a typical target κ number level for each feedstock ranged from 78 to 174 kg ton-1 based on o.d. feedstock. It was highest in birch kraft pulping and lowest in wheat soda-anthraquinone pulping.
Sincere thanks are due to Mrs. Marja Salo and to our former colleague Mrs. Vu Thi Hong Mân for their skillful work in connection with the cooking experiments and analyses.
References
Alén, R. (2000) Basic Chemistry of wood delignification. In: Forest Products Chemistry. Eds. Stenius, P. Fapet Oy, Helsinki. pp. 58–104.Search in Google Scholar
Alén, R. (2011) Structure and chemical composition of biomass feedstocks. In: Biorefining of Forest Resources. Eds. Alén, R. Paperi ja Puu Oy, Helsinki. pp. 17–54.Search in Google Scholar
Alén, R., Jännäri, P., Sjöström, E. (1985a) Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of volatile fatty acids C1-C6, and lactic acid as their benzyl esters on a fused-silica capillary column. Finn. Chem. Lett. 12:190–192.Search in Google Scholar
Alén, R., Lahtela, M., Niemelä, K., Sjöström, E. (1985b) Formation of hydroxy carboxylic acids from softwood polysaccharides during alkaline pulping. Holzforschung 39:235–238.10.1515/hfsg.1985.39.4.235Search in Google Scholar
Alén, R., Niemelä, K., Sjöström, E. (1984) Gas-liquid chromatographic separation of hydroxy monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids on a fused-silica capillary column. J. Chromatogr. 301:273–276.10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89197-4Search in Google Scholar
Alfredsson, B., Samuelson, O. (1968) Hydroxy acids formed by alkali treatment of hydrocellulose. Svensk Papperstidn. 71:679–686.Search in Google Scholar
Bethge, O., Lindström, K. (1974) Determination of organic acids of low relative molecular mass (C1 to C4) in dilute aqueous solution. Analyst 99:137–142.10.1039/an9749900137Search in Google Scholar
Buchala, A.J., Wilkie, K.C.B. (1973) Total hemicelluloses from wheat at different stages of growth. Phytochemistry 12:499–505.10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84435-0Search in Google Scholar
Buranov, A.U., Mazza, G. (2008) Lignin in straw of herbaceous crops. Ind. Crops Prod. 28:237–259.10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.03.008Search in Google Scholar
Dea, I.C.M., Morrison, A. (1975) Chemistry and interactions of seed galactomannans. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 31:341–312.Search in Google Scholar
Fengel, D., Wegener, G. (1989) Wood–Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
Han, J.S., Rowell, J.S. (1997) Chemical composition of fibers. In: Paper and Composites From Agrobased Resources. Eds. Rowell, R.M., Young, R.A., Rowell, J. CRC Press, London. pp. 83–134.Search in Google Scholar
Higuchi, T. (1980) Chemistry and biochemistry; bamboo for pulp and paper of bamboo. In: Bamboo Research in Asia. Eds. Lessard, G., Chouinard, A. Workshop Proceedings, 28–30 May, Singapore, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa. pp. 51–56.Search in Google Scholar
Johansson, M.H., Samuelson, O. (1977) Reducing end groups in birch xylan and their alkaline degradation. Wood Sci. Technol. 11:251–263.Search in Google Scholar
Knill, C.J., Kennedy, J.F. (2003) Degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions. Carbohydr. Polym. 51:281–300.Search in Google Scholar
Liese, W. (1987) Research on bamboo. Wood Sci. Technol. 21:189–209.Search in Google Scholar
Lindberg, B., Rosell, K.-G., Svensson, S. (1973a) Positions of the O-acetyl groups in birch xylan. Svensk Papperstidn. 76:383–384.Search in Google Scholar
Lindberg, B., Rosell, K.-G., Svensson, S. (1973b) Positions of the O-acetyl groups in pine glucomannan. Svensk Papperstidn. 76:30–32.Search in Google Scholar
Löwendahl, L., Petersson, G., Samuelson, O. (1976a) Formation of carboxylic acids by degradation of carbohydrates during kraft cooking of pine. Tappi 59:118–121.Search in Google Scholar
Löwendahl, L., Petersson, G., Samuelson, O. (1976b) Formation of dicarboxylic acids during hot alkali treatment of hydrocellulose. Cell. Chem. Technol. 10:471–477.Search in Google Scholar
Maekawa, E. (1976) Studies on hemicellulose of bamboo. Wood Res. 59–60:153–179.Search in Google Scholar
Malinen, R., Sjöström, E. (1975) The formation of carboxylic acids from wood polysaccharides during kraft pulping. Pap. Puu 57:728–736.Search in Google Scholar
Matsuo, T., Mizuno, T. (1974) Acetyl groups in native glucomannan from easter lily bulbs. Agric. Biol. Chem. 38:465–466.Search in Google Scholar
Moreira, L.R.S., Filho, E.X.F. (2008) An overview of mannan structure and mannan-degrading enzyme systems. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 79:165–178.Search in Google Scholar
Nevell, T.P. (1985) Degradation of cellulose by acids, alkalis, and mechanical means. In: Cellulose Chemistry and its Applications. Eds. Nevell, T.P., Zeronian, Z.P. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. pp. 223–242.Search in Google Scholar
Niemelä, K. (1988) GLC-MS studies on pine kraft black liquors. Part I. Identification of monomeric compounds. Holzforschung 42:169–173.10.1515/hfsg.1988.42.3.169Search in Google Scholar
Niemelä, K. (1989) GLC-MS studies on pine kraft black liquors. Part VI. Identification of thiophenecarboxylic acids. Holzforschung 43:169–171.10.1515/hfsg.1989.43.3.169Search in Google Scholar
Niemelä, K. (1990) Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Compounds in Birch Kraft Black Liquor. Doctoral thesis. Finnish Science Academy, Helsinki.Search in Google Scholar
Niemelä, K., Alén, R. (1999) Characterization of pulping liquors. In: Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking. Eds. Sjöström, E., Alén, R. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. pp. 193–231.10.1007/978-3-662-03898-7_7Search in Google Scholar
Niemelä, K., Alén, R., Sjöström, E. (1985) The formation of carboxylic acids during kraft and kraft-anthraquinone pulping of birch wood. Holzforschung 39:167–172.10.1515/hfsg.1985.39.3.167Search in Google Scholar
Pakkanen, H., Paloheimo, T., Alén, R. (2013) Characterization of dissolved material during the initial phase of softwood kraft pulping. TAPPI J. 12:in press.10.32964/TJ12.1.37Search in Google Scholar
Rautiainen, R., Alén, R. (2010) Characterization of black liquors from kraft pulping of first-thinning Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Holzforschung 64:7–12.10.1515/hf.2010.005Search in Google Scholar
Sjöström, E. (1977) The behavior of wood polysaccharides during alkaline pulping processes. Tappi 60:151–154.Search in Google Scholar
Sjöström, E. (1993) Wood Chemistry–Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego.Search in Google Scholar
Sun, R., Lawther, J.M., Banks, W.B. (1997) A tentative chemical structure of wheat straw lignin. Ind. Crops Prod. 6:1–8.10.1016/S0926-6690(96)00170-7Search in Google Scholar
Swan, B. (1965) Isolation of acid-soluble lignin from the Klason lignin determination. Svensk Papperstidn. 68:791–795.Search in Google Scholar
Theander, O., Åman, P. (1979) Studies on dietary fibers. 1. Analysis and chemical characterization of water-soluble and water-insoluble dietary fibers. Swed. J. Agric. Res. 9:97–106.Search in Google Scholar
Vu, T.H.M. (2004) Alkaline Pulping, and the Subsequent Elemental Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Bamboo. Doctoral thesis, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.Search in Google Scholar
Zanuttini, M., Marzozzhi, V., Mocchiutti, P., Inalbon, M. (2005) Deacetylation consequences in pulping processes. Holz Roh-Werkst. 63:149–153.10.1007/s00107-004-0557-zSearch in Google Scholar
©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
