Abstract
Scots pine samples were impregnated with epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) by means of a two-step process, and the effect of treatments has been studied concerning the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, mechanical properties, moisture uptake, and field test performance. FTIR analysis of ELO-treated samples revealed that part of the ELO epoxy reactive group was chemically bound to the hydroxyl groups of wood. ELO-treated samples have improved dimensional stability, while the mechanical properties were slightly reduced and the moisture uptake was significantly lowered. The field performance of lap joints treated with ELO (90 kg m-3) after 60 months’ exposure showed great improvements in performance, as the average annual moisture content (MC) was maintained at the level of 19.3% compared to 34.6% for lap joints treated with linseed oil (LO). The lap-joint area was not stained, and less discoloration by staining fungi on the external surfaces was observed in ELO-treated samples compared to samples treated with LO.
References
Akitsu, H., Norimoto, M., Morooka, T., Rowell, R.M. (1993) Effect of humidity on vibrational properties of chemically modified wood. Wood Fiber Sci. 25:250–260.Search in Google Scholar
Beckers, E.P.J., Militz, H. (1994) Acetylation of solid wood. Initial trials on laboratory and semi industrial scale. In: Second Pacific Rim Bio-Based Composites Symposium, Vancouver, Canada. pp. 125–133.Search in Google Scholar
Bergman, Ö., Råberg, U., Terziev, N. (2008) Validity of above ground testing according to ENV 12037. In: The International Research Group on Wood Protection, IRG/WP 08-20379.Search in Google Scholar
Chang, S.T., Chang, H.T. (2001) Inhibition of the photodiscoloration of wood by butyrylation. Holzforschung 55:255–259.10.1515/HF.2001.042Search in Google Scholar
Dubey, M.K., Pang, S., Walker J. (2012) Changes in chemistry, color, dimensional stability and fungal resistance of Pinus radiata D. Don wood with oil heat-treatment. Holzforschung 66:49–57.10.1515/HF.2011.117Search in Google Scholar
European Committee for Standardization (1996) ENV 12037. Wood preservatives-field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative exposed out of ground contact-horizontal lap-joint method.Search in Google Scholar
Goldstein, I.S., Jeroski, E.B., Lund, A.E., Nielson, J.F., Weaver, J.W. (1961) Acetylation of wood in lumber thickness. Forest Prod. J. 11:363–370.Search in Google Scholar
ISO 3129 (1975) Wood-sampling methods and general requirements for physical and mechanical tests.Search in Google Scholar
ISO 3133 (1975) Wood-determination of ultimate strength in static bending.Search in Google Scholar
ISO 3349 (1975) Wood-determination of modulus of elasticity in static bending.Search in Google Scholar
ISO 3350 (1975) Wood-determination of static hardness.Search in Google Scholar
ISO 3787 (1976) Wood-test method-determination of ultimate stress in compression parallel to grain.Search in Google Scholar
Jebrane, M., Fernández-Cano, V., Panov, D., Terziev, N., Daniel, G. (2014) Novel hydrophobization of wood by epoxidised linseed oil. Part 1. Process description and anti-swelling efficiency of the treated wood. Holzforschung 69:173–177.10.1515/hf-2014-0029Search in Google Scholar
Larsson, P. (1993) Properties of Acetylated Solid Wood. Licentiate thesis, Dept. of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers Technical High School.Search in Google Scholar
Larsson, P., Simonson, R. (1994) A study of strength, hardness and deformation of acetylated Scandinavian softwoods. Holz Roh- Werkstoff 52:83–86.10.1007/BF02615470Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Erhan, S.Z. (2010) Ring-opening polymerization of epoxidized soybean oil. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 87:437–444.Search in Google Scholar
Lligadas, G., Ronda, J.C., Galià, M., Càdiz, V. (2006) Bionanocomposites from renewable resources: epoxidized linseed oil-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes hybrid materials. Biomacromolecules 7:3521–3526.10.1021/bm060703uSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
McMillin, C.W. (1963) Dimensional stabilization with polymerizable vapor of ethylene oxide. Forest Prod. J. 13:56–61.Search in Google Scholar
Pandey, K.K., Vuorinen, T. (2008) UV resonance Raman spectroscopic study of photodegradation of the of hardwood and softwood lignins by UV laser. Holzforschung 62:183–188.10.1515/HF.2008.046Search in Google Scholar
Pandey, K.K., Hughes, M., Vuorinen, T. (2010) Dimensional stability, UV resistance, and static mechanical properties of Scots pine chemically modified with alkylene epoxides. BioResources 5:598–615.Search in Google Scholar
Panov, D., Terziev, N., Daniel, G. (2010) Using plant oils as hydrophobic substances for wood protection. In: The International Research Group on Wood Protection, IRG/WP 10-30550.Search in Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, A.N., Tountziarakis, P. (2011) The effect of acetylation on the Janka hardness of pine wood. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 69:499–500.10.1007/s00107-010-0484-0Search in Google Scholar
Rowell, R.M., Ellis, W.D. (1984) Reaction of epoxides with wood. USDA Forest Service Research Paper, FPL 451, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison.Search in Google Scholar
Rowell, R.M., Moisuk, R., Meyer, J.A. (1982) Wood polymer composites: Cell wall grafting of alkylene oxides and lumen treatments with methyl methacrylate. Wood Sci. 15:90–96.Search in Google Scholar
Rowell, R.M., Imarura, Y., Kawai, S., Norimoto, M. (1989) Dimensional stability, decay resistance, and mechanical properties of veneer-faced low-density particleboards made from acetylated wood. Wood Fiber Sci. 21:67–79.Search in Google Scholar
Silverstein, R.M., Bassler, G.C., Morill, T.C. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. 7th ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991.Search in Google Scholar
Singh, S.P., Dev, I., Kumar, S. (1992) Chemical modification of wood with acetic anhydride. Journal of the Timber Development Association of India 38:5–8.Search in Google Scholar
Terziev, N., Panov, D. (2011) Plant oils as “green” substances for wood protection. In: EcoWood 2010, Minimizing the Environmental Impact of the Forest Products Industries, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal. pp. 139–146.Search in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter