Abstract
Tensile tests of miniature spruce wood specimens have been performed to investigate the damage evolution in wood at the microscopic scale. For this purpose, the samples were stepwise tensile loaded in the longitudinal (L) and radial (R) directions and the damage evolution was monitored in real-time by acoustic emission (AE) and synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SRμCT). This combination is of outstanding benefit as SRμCT monitoring provides an insight on the crack evolution and the final fracture at microscopic scale, whereas AE permits the detection of the associated accumulation and interaction of single damage events on all length scales with high time resolution. A significant drawback of the AE testing of wood has been overcome by means of calibrating the AE amplitudes with the underlying crack length development. Thus, a setup-dependent and wood species-dependent calibration value was estimated, which associates 1 μm2 crack area generating of 0.0038 mV in the detected AE amplitude. Furthermore, for both L and R specimens, AE signals were classified into two clusters by using a frequency-based approach of unsupervised pattern recognition. The shares of AE signals of both clusters correlate with the ratio of the relative crack area of the interwall and transwall cracks gained from the fractographic analysis of SRμCT scans.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant SNF-Project 127134. The authors want to thank the staff of the TOMCAT beamline at SLS in Villigen. Further thanks go to the colleges at the ETH Zürich: S. Ammann, S. Clauss, M.W. Felux, D. Fernandez, P. Hass, O. Kläusler, K. Kránitz, C. Lanvermann, F. Michel, T. Ozyhar, S. Schlegel and F. Wittel for assistance during the measurements and analysis. P. Jenni is acknowledged for manufacturing and assembling the experimental equipment. Thanks to T. Schnider for the help with specimen preparation. Finally, the authors warmly thank Quadrant EPP GmbH for providing the Duratron PAI material.
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