Abstract
The effects of thermal treatment of bamboo at 130, 150, 170, and 190°C for 2, 4, and 6 h were investigated in terms of changes in chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity, and mechanical behavior of the cell-wall level by means of wet chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentation (NI). Particularly, the reduced elastic modulus (Er), hardness (H), and creep behavior were in focus. Both the temperature and treatment time showed significant effects. Expectedly, the hemicelluloses were degraded and the relative lignin content was elevated, while the crystallinity of the cellulose moiety was increased upon thermal treatment. The Er and H data of the cell wall were increased after 6 h treatment at 190°C, from 18.4 to 22.0 GPa and from 0.45 to 0.65 GPa, respectively. The thermal treatment led to a decrease of the creep ratio (CIT) under the same conditions by ca. 28%. The indentation strain state (εi) also decreased significantly after thermal treatment during the load-holding stage.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the support of the Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LZ13C160003, LY16C160009), the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31570552), the Foundation of Zhejiang Key Level 1 Discipline of Forestry Engineering (2014lygcz005), Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province and Tennessee Experimental Station Project #TEN00422.
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