Abstract
Photonic crystals are periodic structures that are suitable for designing a variety of optical gates and logic circuits. In this paper, XOR and NOT logic gates are designed using two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystals. This structure consists of two inputs and one output, and the logical values in the inputs and outputs are defined based on the amount of optical power. The plane wave expansion (PWE) method has been used in band structure calculations. The simulation results show that the proposed structure in a range of wavelengths has a photonic band gap that has a wavelength of 1.55 µm in this range. Therefore, the light sources placed in the inputs have a wavelength of 1.55 µm. Due to the use of a square structure that is easier to design and build, this structure is suitable for use in optically integrated circuits. Another advantage of this structure, in addition to its small dimensions, is the very low value of zero logic, which has increased the contrast ratio in the structure. The contrast ratio obtained in this structure is equal to 19.1 dB.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Jamshidi, MB, Siahkamari, H, Roshani, S, Roshani, S. A compact Gysel power divider design using U-shaped and T-shaped resonators with harmonics suppression. Electromagnetics 2019;39:491–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/02726343.2019.1658165.Search in Google Scholar
2. Lotfi, S, Roshani, S, Roshani, S, Gilan, MS. Wilkinson power divider with band-pass filtering response and harmonics suppression using open and short stubs. Frequenz 2020;74:169–76. https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2019-0200.Search in Google Scholar
3. Lalbakhsh, A, Afzal, MU, Hayat, T, Esselle, KP, Manda, K. All-metal wideband metasurface for near-field transformation of medium-to-high gain electromagnetic sources. Sci Rep 2021;11:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88547-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
4. Lalbakhsh, A, Mohamadpour, G, Roshani, S, Ami, M, Roshani, S, Sayem, ASMD, et al.. Design of a compact planar transmission line for miniaturized rat-race coupler with harmonics suppression. IEEE Access 2021;9:129207–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3112237.Search in Google Scholar
5. Roshani, S, Azizian, J, Roshani, S, Jamshidi, MB, Parandin, F. Design of a miniaturized branch line microstrip coupler with a simple structure using artificial neural network. Frequenz 2022;76:255–63. https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2021-0172.Search in Google Scholar
6. Roshani, S, Roshani, S, Zarinitabar, A. A modified Wilkinson power divider with ultra harmonic suppression using open stubs and lowpass filters. Analog Integr Circuits Signal Process 2019;98:395–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-018-1299-x.Search in Google Scholar
7. Karambasti, BM, Ghodrat, M, Ghorbani, G, Lalbakhsh, A, Behnia, M. Design methodology and multi-objective optimization of small-scale power-water production based on integration of Stirling engine and multi-effect evaporation desalination system. Desalination 2022;526:115542.10.1016/j.desal.2021.115542Search in Google Scholar
8. Roshani, S, Jamshidi, MB, Mohebi, F, Roshani, S. Design and modeling of a compact power divider with squared resonators using artificial intelligence. Wireless Pers Commun 2020;117:2085–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07960-5.Search in Google Scholar
9. Lalbakhsh, A, Jamshidi, MB, Siahkamari, H, Ghaderi, A, Golestanifar, A, Linhart, R, et al.. A Compact lowpass filter for satellite communication systems based on transfer function analysis. AEU-Int J Electron Commun 2020;124:153318.10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153318Search in Google Scholar
10. Pirasteh, A, Roshani, S, Roshani, S. Design of a miniaturized class F power amplifier using capacitor loaded transmission lines. Frequenz 2020;74:145–52. https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2019-0180.Search in Google Scholar
11. Paul, GS, Mandal, K, Lalbakhsh, A. Single-layer ultra-wide stop-band frequency selective surface using interconnected square rings. AEU Int J Electron Commun 2021;132:153630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2021.153630.Search in Google Scholar
12. Pirasteh, A, Roshani, S, Roshani, S. Compact microstrip lowpass filter with ultrasharp response using a square-loaded modified T-shaped resonator. Turk J Electr Eng Comput Sci 2018;2726:1736–46. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1801-127.Search in Google Scholar
13. Roshani, S, Roshani, S. Design of a very compact and sharp bandpass diplexer with bended lines for GSM and LTE applications. Int J Electron Commun 2019;1:354–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2018.12.014.Search in Google Scholar
14. Lalbakhsh, A, Afzal, MU, Esselle, KP, Manda, K. All-Metal wideband frequency-selective surface bandpass filter for TE and TM polarizations. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag 2022;70:2790–800. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2021.3138256.Search in Google Scholar
15. Bavandpour, SK, Roshani, S, Pirasteh, A, Roshani, S, Seyedi, H. A compact lowpass-dual bandpass diplexer with high output ports isolation. Int J Electron Commun 2021;1:153748.10.1016/j.aeue.2021.153748Search in Google Scholar
16. Pirasteh, A, Roshani, S, Roshani, S. A modified class-F power amplifier with miniaturized harmonic control circuit. Int J Electron Commun 2018;97:202–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2018.10.022.Search in Google Scholar
17. Lalbakhsh, A, Simorangkir, RBVB, Bayat-Makou, N, Kishk, AA, Esselle, KP. Advancements and artificial intelligence approaches in antennas for environmental sensing. In Cognitive data science in sustainable computing, artificial intelligence and data science in environmental sensing, Academic Press; 2022:19–38 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90508-4.00004-6.Search in Google Scholar
18. Jamshidi, MB, Roshani, S, Talla, J, Roshani, S, Peroutka, Z. Size reduction and performance improvement of a microstrip Wilkinson power divider using a hybrid design technique. Sci Rep 2021;11:7773. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87477-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Lalbakhsh, A, Alizadeh, SM, Ghaderi, A, Golestanifar, A, Mohamadzade, B, Jamshidi, MB, et al.. A design of a dual-band bandpass filter based on modal analysis for modern communication systems. Electronics 2020;9:1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111770.Search in Google Scholar
20. Roshani, S, Roshani, S. Design of a compact LPF and a miniaturized Wilkinson power divider using aperiodic stubs with harmonic suppression for wireless applications. Wireless Network 2020;26:1493–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-019-02214-0.Search in Google Scholar
21. Lalbakhsh, A, Afzal, MU, Esselle, KP, Smith, SL. Low-cost non-uniform metallic lattice for rectifying aperture near-field of electromagnetic bandgap resonator antennas. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag 2020;68:3328–35. https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2020.2969888.Search in Google Scholar
22. Lotfi, S, Roshani, S, Roshani, S. Design of a miniaturized planar microstrip Wilkinson power divider with harmonic cancellation. Turk J Electr Eng Comput Sci 2020;28:3126–36.Search in Google Scholar
23. Sadeghi, T, Golmohammadi, S, Farmani, A, Baghban, H. Improving the performance of nanostructure multifunctional graphene plasmonic logic gates utilizing coupled-mode theory. Appl Phys B 2019;125:189.10.1007/s00340-019-7305-xSearch in Google Scholar
24. Vahdati, A, Parandin, F. Antenna patch design using a photonic crystal substrate at a frequency of 1.6 THz. Wireless Pers Commun 2019;109:2213–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06676-5.Search in Google Scholar
25. Farmani, A. Quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier: performance and application for optical logic gates. Majlesi J Telecommun Devices 2017;6:93–7.Search in Google Scholar
26. Olyaee, S, Taghipour, F. Design of new square-lattice photonic crystal fibers for optical communication applications. Int J Phys Sci 2011;6:4405–11.Search in Google Scholar
27. Olyaee, S, Seifouri, M, Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, A, Sardari, M. Realization of all-optical NOT and XOR logic gates based on interference effect with high contrast ratio and ultra-compacted size. Opt Quant Electron 2018;50:385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1654-2.Search in Google Scholar
28. Farmani, A, Mir, A, Irannejad, M. 2D-FDTD simulation of ultra-compact multifunctional logic gates with nonlinear photonic crystal. J Opt Soc Am B 2019;36:811–8. https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.36.000811.Search in Google Scholar
29. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, A, Olyaee, S. All-optical NOT and XOR logic gates using photonic crystal nano-resonator and based on an interference effect. IET Optoelectron 2018;12:191–5.10.1049/iet-opt.2017.0174Search in Google Scholar
30. Parandin, F, Moayed, M. Designing and simulation of 3-input majority gate based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. Optik 2020;216:164930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164930.Search in Google Scholar
31. Sharifi, H, Hamidi, SM, Navi, K. A new design procedure for all-optical photonic crystal logic gates and functions based on threshold logic. Opt Commun 2016;370:231–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.03.020.Search in Google Scholar
32. Bao, J, Xiao, J, Fan, L, Li, X, Hai, Y, Zhang, T, et al.. All-optical NOR and NAND gates based on photonic crystal ring resonator. Opt Commun 2014;329:109–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2014.04.076.Search in Google Scholar
33. Gupta, MM, Medhekar, S. All-optical NOT and AND gates using counter propagating beams innonlinear Mach–Zehnder interferometer made of photonic crystal waveguides. Optik 2016;127:1221–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.10.176.Search in Google Scholar
34. Goudarzi, K, Mir, A, Chaharmahali, I, Goudarzi, D. All-optical XOR and OR logic gates based on line and point defects in 2-D photonic crystal. Opt Laser Technol 2016;78:139–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.10.013.Search in Google Scholar
35. Tang, C, Dou, X, Lin, Y, Yin, H, Wu, B, Zhao, Q. Design of all-optical logic gates avoiding external phase shifters in a two-dimensional photonic crystal based on multi-mode interference for BPSK signals. Opt Commun 2014;316:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2013.11.053.Search in Google Scholar
36. Hussein, HME, Ali, TA, Rafat, NH. A review on the techniques for building all-optical photonic crystal logic gates. Opt Laser Technol 2018;106:385–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.04.018.Search in Google Scholar
37. Andalib, P, Granpayeh, N. All-optical ultra-compact photonic crystal AND gate based on nonlinear ring resonators. J Opt Soc Am B 2009;26:10–6. https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.26.000010.Search in Google Scholar
38. Parandin, F, Sheykhian, A. Design and simulation of a 2 × 1 All-Optical multiplexer based on photonic crystals. Opt Laser Technol 2022;151:108021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108021.Search in Google Scholar
39. Saghaei, H, Zahedi, A, Karimzadeh, R, Parandin, F. Line defects on photonic crystals for the design of all-optical power splitters and digital logic gates. Superlattice Microst 2017;110:133–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.08.052.Search in Google Scholar
40. Parandin, F, Mahtabi, N. Design of an ultra-compact and high-contrast ratio all-optical NOR gate. Opt Quant Electron 2021;53:666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03322-y.Search in Google Scholar
41. Askarian, A. Design and analysis of all optical 2 × 4 decoder based on kerr effect and beams interference procedure. Opt Quant Electron 2021;53:291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02987-9.Search in Google Scholar
42. Parandin, F, Karkhanehchi, MM. Low size all optical XOR and NOT logic gates based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. Majlesi J Elect Eng 2019;13:1–5.Search in Google Scholar
43. Parandin, F, Heidari, F, Rahimi, Z, Olyaee, S. Two-Dimensional photonic crystal Biosensors: a review. Opt Laser Technol 2021;144:107397.10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107397Search in Google Scholar
44. Rezaei, MH, Boroumandi, R, Zarifkar, A, Farmani, A. Nano-scale multifunctional logic gate based on graphene/hexagonal boron nitride plasmonic waveguides. IET Optoelectron 2020;14:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2019.0054.Search in Google Scholar
45. Naghizade, S, Mohammadi, S, Khoshsima, H. Design and simulation of an all optical 8 to 3 binary encoder based on optimized photonic crystal OR gates. J Opt Commun 2021;42:31–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0034.Search in Google Scholar
46. Moniem, TA. All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators. J Mod Opt 2015;63:735–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2015.1094580.Search in Google Scholar
47. Zahedi, A, Parandin, F, Karkhanehchi, MM, Habibi-Shams, H, Rajamand, S. Design and simulation of optical 4-channel demultiplexer using photonic crystals. J Opt Commun 2017;40:17–20.10.1515/joc-2017-0039Search in Google Scholar
48. Serajmohammadi, S, Alipour-Banaei, H, Mehdizadeh, F. All optical decoder switch based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt Quant Electron 2015;47:1109–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-014-9967-2.Search in Google Scholar
49. Askarian, A, Akbarizadeh, G, Fartash, M. An all-optical half subtractor based on Kerr effect and photonic crystals. Optik 2020;207:164424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164424.Search in Google Scholar
50. Rigi, R, Sharifi, H, Navi, K. Configurable all-optical photonic crystal XOR/AND and XNOR/NAND logic gates. Opt Quant Electron 2020;52:339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02454-x.Search in Google Scholar
51. Meena, P, Zafar, R, Pandey, R, Choure, KK, Mudgal, N, Singh, G. Photonic crystal based all optical OR and XOR gate with high contrast ratio and noise margin. In 2021 IEEE indian conference on antennas and propagation (InCAP); 2021:328–331 pp.10.1109/InCAP52216.2021.9726316Search in Google Scholar
52. Maleki, MJ, Soroosh, M. An ultra-fast all-optical 2-to-1 digital multiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt Quant Electron 2022;54:397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03781-x.Search in Google Scholar
53. Caballero, LEP, Cano, JPV, Guimarães, PSS, Neto, OPV. Effect of structural disorder on photonic crystal logic gates. IEEE Photonics J 2017;9:1–15. Art no. 7204215. https://doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2017.2736946.Search in Google Scholar
54. Mondal, H, Goswami, K, Sen, M, Rahaman Khan, W. Design and analysis of all-optical logic NOR gate based on linear optics. Opt Quant Electron 2022;54:272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03624-9.Search in Google Scholar
55. De, P, Ranwa, S, Mukhopadhyay, S. Intensity and phase encoding for realization of integrated Pauli X, Y and Z gates using 2D photonic crystal. Opt Laser Technol 2022;152:108141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108141.Search in Google Scholar
56. Xu, X, Zhang, H, Huang, J, Zhai, N, Liu, Y. Logic gate and optical half-adder designed by photonic crystal based on BPSK signals. Optik 2022;259:168984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168984.Search in Google Scholar
57. Muthu, KE, Selvendran, S, Keerthana, V, Murugalakshmi, K, Sivanantha Raja, A. Design and analysis of a reconfigurable XOR/OR logic gate using 2D photonic crystals with low latency. Opt Quant Electron 2020;52:433.10.1007/s11082-020-02550-ySearch in Google Scholar
58. Seraj, Z, Soroosh, M, Alaei-Sheini, N. Ultra-compact ultra-fast 1-bit comparator based on a two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystal structure. Appl Opt 2020;59:811–6. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.374428.Search in Google Scholar
59. Parandin, F. Ultra-compact terahertz all-optical logic comparator on GaAs photonic crystal platform. Opt Laser Technol 2021;144:107399.10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107399Search in Google Scholar
60. Parandin, F, Kamarian, R, Jomour, M. Optical 1-bit comparator based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. Appl Opt 2021;60:2275–80. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.419737.Search in Google Scholar
61. Parandin, F, Kamarian, R, Jomour, M. A novel design of all optical half-subtractor using a square lattice photonic crystals. Opt Quant Electron 2021;53:114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02772-8.Search in Google Scholar
62. Neisy, M, Soroosh, M, Ansari-Asl, K. All optical half adder based on photonic crystal resonant cavities. 2018;35:245–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-017-0736-6.Search in Google Scholar
63. Karkhanehchi, MM, Parandin, F, Zahedi, A. Design of an all optical half-adder based on 2D photonic crystals. Photonic Netw Commun 2017;33:159–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-016-0629-0.Search in Google Scholar
64. Parandin, F, Malmir, MR. Reconfigurable all optical half adder and optical XOR and AND logic gates based on 2D photonic crystals. Opt Quant Electron 2020;52:56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-2167-3.Search in Google Scholar
65. Abdollahi, M, Parandin, F. A novel structure for realization of an all-optical, one-bit half-adder based on 2D photonic crystals. J Comput Electron 2019;18:1416–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-019-01392-6.Search in Google Scholar
66. Seifouri, M Olyaee, S Sardari, MMohebzadeh-Bahabady, A. Ultra-fast and compact all-optical half adder using 2D photonic crystals, IET Optoelectron 2019;13:139–43.10.1049/iet-opt.2018.5130Search in Google Scholar
67. Parandin, F. High contrast ratio all-optical 4 × 2 encoder based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. Opt Laser Technol 2019;113:447–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.01.003.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
