Abstract
Spent sulfite liquors (SSLs) were fractionated by two common separation techniques: amine extraction and ultrafiltration. The lignin fractions obtained were characterized with respect to their elemental composition, functional groups and molecular weight distribution. The results of size exclusion chromatography indicate a broad molecular weight distribution of the lignosulfonates (LS). Irrespective of the separation technique used, a small LS fraction with high molecular mass and low degree of sulfonation was obtained, while most of the lignosulfonates have much lower molar masses and a much higher degree of sulfonation. Both separation methods offer the opportunity to extract high-purity LS fractions; however, compared to amine extraction, ultrafiltration provides additional information about the molecular weight distribution of the SSL components without application of other analytical techniques.
References
Bansal, I.K., Wiley, A.J. (1974) Fractionation of spent sulfite liquor using ultrafiltration cellulose acetate membranes. Environ. Sci. Technol.13:1085–1090.10.1021/es60098a001Search in Google Scholar
Boggs, L.A. (1973) Isolation of reducing sugars from spent sulfite liquor. Tappi9:127–129.Search in Google Scholar
Böttcher, J.H. (1993) Quantitative Analyse von Holz und Holz-Komponenten mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie unter Anwendung multivariater statistischer Verfahren. Dissertation. University Hamburg, Germany.Search in Google Scholar
Böttger, J., Krause, T., Schurz, J. (1975) Isolierung reiner Ligninsulfonate aus Sulfitablauge. Das Papier7:305–308.Search in Google Scholar
Buchholz, R.F., Neal, A.N., McCarthy, J.L. (1992) Some properties of paucidisperse gymnosperm lignin sulfonates of different molecular weights. J. Wood Chem. Technol.4:447–469.10.1080/02773819208545791Search in Google Scholar
Collins, J.W., Boggs, L.A., Webb, A.A., Wiley, A.A. (1973) Spent sulfite liquor reducing sugar purification by ultrafiltration with dynamic membranes. Tappi6:121–124.Search in Google Scholar
De Sousa, F., Reimann, A., Björklund, M., Nilvebrant, J., Nilvebrant, N.O. (2001) Estimating the amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups in lignins. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Wood Pulp. Chemistry, Vol. III. pp. 649–653.Search in Google Scholar
Eisenbraun, E.W. (1963) The separation and fractionation of lignosulfonic acids from spent sulfite liquor with tri-n-hexylamine in organic solvents. Tappi2:104–107.Search in Google Scholar
Faix, O. (1992) New aspects of lignin utilization in large amounts. Das Papier12:733–739.Search in Google Scholar
Fischer, F., Schiene, R., Wienhaus, O. (1984) Zu neuen Verfahren der stofflichen Lignosulfonatgewinnung und -verwertung. Nutzung der Polyphenoleigenschaften technischer Lignine. Zellstoff Pap.2:48–53.Search in Google Scholar
Forss, G.K., Fremer, K.-E. The Nature and Reactions of Lignin. A New Paradigm. Kaj G. Forss, Helsinki, 2003.Search in Google Scholar
Fredheim, G.E., Braaten, S.M., Christensen, B.E. (2002) Molecular weight determination of lignosulfonates by size exclusion chromatography and multi-angle laser light scattering. J. Chromatogr. A942:191–199.10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01377-2Search in Google Scholar
Fredheim, G.E., Braaten, S.M., Christensen, B.E. (2003) Comparison of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of softwood and hardwood lignosulfonates. J. Wood Chem. Technol.2:197–215.Search in Google Scholar
Haars, A., Lohner, S., Hüttermann, A. (1981) Quantitative determination of lignosulfonates from spent sulfite liquors using precipitation with polyethyleneimine. Holzforschung3:59–65.10.1515/hfsg.1981.35.2.59Search in Google Scholar
Hachey, J.M., Bui, V.T., Tremblay, Y., Houde, D. (1986) Physicochemical analysis of a spent sulfite liquor from a CMP pulp. J. Wood Chem. Technol.3:389–410.10.1080/02773818608085234Search in Google Scholar
Hurme, T. (1998) Ultrafiltration of acid sulphite spent liquor to produce carbohydrates. Dissertation. University Åbo, Finland.Search in Google Scholar
Knoblauch, J. (1989) Reaktionskinetik und Ablaugenuntersuchung zum alkalischen Sulfitaufschluss mit Anthrachinon und Methanol (ASAM). Dissertation. University Hamburg, Germany.Search in Google Scholar
Konturri, A.K., Sundholm, G. (1986) The extraction and fractionation of lignosulfonates with long chain aliphatic amines. Acta Chem. Scand.40:121–125.10.3891/acta.chem.scand.40a-0121Search in Google Scholar
Lin, S.Y. (1992) Commercial spent pulping liquors. In: Methods in Lignin Chemistry. Eds. Lin, S.Y., Dence, C.W. Springer, Berlin, pp. 75–80.10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_6Search in Google Scholar
Lin, S.Y., Detroit, W.J. (1981) Chemical heterogeneity of technical lignins – its significance in lignin utilization. Ekman Days Int. Symp. Wood Pulp Chem.4:44–52.Search in Google Scholar
Luthe, C.E., Lewis, N. (1986) Identification and characterisation of paucidisperse lignosulfonates. Holzforschung40(Suppl.):153–157.Search in Google Scholar
Meier, D., Faix, O. (1992) Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In: Methods in Lignin Chemistry. Eds. Lin, S.Y., Dence, C.W. Springer, Berlin, pp. 177–199.10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_13Search in Google Scholar
Melms, F., Mühlberg, L. (1969) Aminextraktion von verhefter Buchholzsulfitablauge I. Zellstoff Pap.12:355–359.Search in Google Scholar
Melms, F., Schwenzon, K. Verwertungsgebiete für Sulfitablauge. VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, 1967.Search in Google Scholar
Nyström, M., Nuortila-Jokinen, J. (1996) Current trends in membrane technology. Kemia-Kemi8:663–672.Search in Google Scholar
Tsapiuk, E.A., Bryk, M.T., Medvedev, M.I. Kochkodan, V.M. (1989) Fractionation and concentration of lignosulfonates by ultrafiltration. J. Membr. Sci.47:107–130.10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80863-7Search in Google Scholar
Vieböck, F., Schwappach, A. (1930a) Eine neue Methode zur maßanalytischen Bestimmung der Methoxyl- und Äthoxylgruppe I. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.63:2818–2823.10.1002/cber.19300631022Search in Google Scholar
Vieböck, F., Schwappach, A. (1930b) Eine neue Methode zur maßanalytischen Bestimmung der Methoxyl- und Äthoxylgruppe II. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.63:3207–3210.10.1002/cber.19300631137Search in Google Scholar
Weber, H.K., Obermaier, A., Promberger, A., Sixta, H. (2002) Properties of the lignosulfonates from the pulping process of the Lenzing AG. In: International Symposium on Wood-Based Materials, Wien. pp. 25–30.Search in Google Scholar
© Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
