Abstract
Different aminofunctional silanes were tested for their suitability to preserve wood against basidiomycetes in a mini-block experiment according to EN 113. High effectiveness against the brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana was maintained over prolonged exposure times of up to 18 weeks. Resistance against the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor was only enhanced in the initial phase of exposure (6 weeks); after longer exposure times of 18 weeks, considerable mass losses were observed. It was shown that the antifungal resistance was caused by the amino groups of the oligomeric silane systems, while alkyl groups, which influence the water uptake of wood, only had a minor impact. For effective protection, acidic conditions of the treatment solution were important; this promotes the formation of cationised amino groups (ammonium). The silane quaternary ammonium compound (Si-QAC) 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride was applied in combination with an oligomeric silane system to incorporate quaternary ammonium sites into a SiO2 matrix via a sol-gel process. This combined treatment significantly enhanced the decay resistance of pine wood against C. puteana.
References
ASTM standard (1999) D1413, Standard test method for wood preservatives by laboratory soil-block cultures.Search in Google Scholar
Bravery, A.F. (1978) A miniaturised wood-block test for rapid evaluation of wood preservative fungicides. Document No. IRG/WP 2113. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar
Donath, S., Militz, H., Mai, C. (2004) Wood modification with alkoxysilanes. Wood Sci. Technol.38:555–566.10.1007/s00226-004-0257-1Search in Google Scholar
Donath, S., Militz, H., Mai, C. (2006) Creating water-repellent effects on wood by treatment with silanes. Holzforschung, in press.10.1515/HF.2006.008Search in Google Scholar
Doyle, A.K., Ruddick, J.N.R. (1993) Isolation and identification of non-decay fungi affecting the performance of alkylammonium compounds. Document No. IRG/WP/93-10020. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar
Dubois, J.W., Ruddick, J.N.R. (1997) Aspects of the fungal degradation of quaternary ammonium compounds in liquid culture. Document No. IRG/WP/97-30160. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar
Dubois, J.W., Ruddick, J.N.R. (1998) The fungal degradation of quaternary ammonium compounds in wood. Document No. IRG/WP/97-10263. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar
Eaton, R.A., Hale, M.D.C. Wood – Decay, Pests and Protection. Chapman and Hall, London, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
European standard (1997) EN 84, Wood preservatives. Accelerated aging of treated wood prior to biological testing. Lea-ching procedure.Search in Google Scholar
European standard (1992) EN 335, Durability of wood and wood-based products - Definition of hazard classes of biological attack.Search in Google Scholar
European standard (1996) Wood preservatives - Test method for determining the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes - Determination of the toxic values.Search in Google Scholar
Hill, C.A.S., Forster, S.C., Farahani, M.R.M., Hale, M.D.C., Ormondroyd, G.A., Williams G.R. (2005) An investigation of cell wall micropore blocking as a possible mechanism for the decay resistance of anhydride modified wood. Int. Biodet. Biodeg.55:69–76.10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.07.003Search in Google Scholar
Hugo, W., Snow, G. Biochemistry of Antibacterial Action. Chapman and Hall, London, 1981.Search in Google Scholar
Isquith, A.J., Abbott, E.A., Walters, P.A. (1973) Surface-bonded antimicrobial activity of an organosilicon quaternary ammonium chloride. Appl. Microbiol.24:859–863.Search in Google Scholar
Jin, L., Preston, A.F. (1991) The interaction of wood preservatives with lignocellulosic substrates. 1. Quaternary ammonium compounds. Holzforschung45:455–459.Search in Google Scholar
Jin, L., Archer, K., Preston, A.F. (1991) Surface characteristics of wood treated with various AAC, AQC and ACC formulations after weathering. Document No. IRG/WP/91-2369. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar
Mai, C., Militz, H. (2004) Modification of wood with silicon compounds. Treatment systems based on organic silicon compounds – a review. Wood Sci. Technol.37:453–461.Search in Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, A.N., Hill, C.A.S. (2002) The biological effectiveness of wood modified with linear chain carboxylic acid anhydrides against Coniophora puteana. Holz Roh Werkstoff60:329–332.10.1007/s00107-002-0327-8Search in Google Scholar
Pernak, J., Zabielska-Matejuk, J., Urbanik, E. (1998) New quaternary ammonium chlorides – wood preservatives. Holzforschung52:249–254.10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.3.249Search in Google Scholar
Preston, A.F. (1983) Dialkyldimethylammonium halides as wood preservatives. J. A. Oil Chem. Soc.60:567–570.10.1007/BF02679788Search in Google Scholar
Ruddick, J.N.R. (1986) The influence of stain fungi on the decay resistance of wood treated with alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride. Mater. Org.21:139–149.Search in Google Scholar
Saka, S., Miyafuji, H., Tanno, F. (2001) Wood-inorganic composites prepared by the sol-gel process. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol.20:213–217.Search in Google Scholar
Tanno, F., Saka, S., Yamamoto, A., Takabe, K. (1998) Antimicrobial TMSAH-added wood-inorganic composites prepared by the sol-gel process. Holzforschung52:365–370.10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.4.365Search in Google Scholar
Tashiro, T. (2001) Antibacterial and bacterium adsorbing macromolecules. Macromol. Mater. Eng.286:63–87.10.1002/1439-2054(20010201)286:2<63::AID-MAME63>3.0.CO;2-HSearch in Google Scholar
©2006 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
