Abstract
There is a growing need to characterize the mechanical properties of single bamboo fibers with their high potential in commercial applications. In this paper, an improved microtensile technique has been applied to measure the tensile strength of fibers isolated from Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) as an important commercial bamboo species in China. The property variation with respect to the age and locations within a culm was in focus. Ma bamboo fibers had superior stiffness and strength data compared with those of softwood fibers. Four-year-old Ma bamboo fibers are stiffer and stronger than 1-year-old fibers. Their in-trunk variation is rather small both in radial and longitudinal directions. This is due to the relatively constant microfibrillar angle in bamboo culms. Accordingly, the large variations in the bulk mechanical properties of bamboo are mainly attributable to fiber distribution density in the culm rather than the fiber itself.
We thank the National Natural and Science Foundation of China (31070491) and 12th Five-Year Key Technology R&D Program of China (2012BAD54G01) for their financial support of this research. We also thank Mr. Oliver Frith of the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) for his revision of this manuscript.
References
Amada, S., Ichikawa, Y., Munekata, T., Nagase, Y., Shimizu, H. (1997) Fiber texture and mechanical graded structure of bamboo. Composites Part B 28B:13–20.10.1016/S1359-8368(96)00020-0Search in Google Scholar
Burgert, I., Frühmann, K., Keckes, J., Fratzl, P., Stanzl-Tschegg, S.E. (2003) Microtensile testing of wood fibers combined with video extensometry for efficient strain detection. Holzforschung 57:661–664.10.1515/HF.2003.099Search in Google Scholar
Burgert, I., Eder, M., Frühmann, K., Keckes, J., Fratzl, P., Stanzl-Tschegg, S. (2005) Properties of chemically and mechanically isolated fibres of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Part 3: mechanical characterisation. Holzforschung 59:354–357.10.1515/HF.2005.058Search in Google Scholar
Cave, I.D. (1966) Theory of X-ray measurement of microfibril angle in wood. For. Prod. J. 16:37–42.Search in Google Scholar
Correal, J.F., Arbeláez, J. (2010) Influence of age and height position on Colombian Guadua angustifolia bamboo mechanical properties. Maderas Ciencia Tecnol. I12:105–113.10.4067/S0718-221X2010000200005Search in Google Scholar
Faruk, O., Bledzki, A.K., Fink, H.P., Sain, M. (2012) Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37:1552–1596.Search in Google Scholar
Fratzl, P., Weinkamer, R. (2007) Nature’s hierarchical materials. Prog. Mater. Sci. 52:1263–1334.Search in Google Scholar
Groom, L., Mott, L., Shaler, S. (2002) Mechanical properties of individual southern pine fibers. Part I, determination and variability of stress-strain curves with respect to tree height and juvenility. Wood Fiber Sci. 34:221–237.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, Y.H., Fei, B.H., Yu, Y., Zhao, R.J. (2012) Plant age effect on mechanical properties of Moso bamboo single fibers. Wood Fiber Sci. 44:1–6.Search in Google Scholar
Khalil, H.P.S.A., Bhat, I.U.H., Jawaid, M., Zaidon, A., Hermawan, D., Hadi, Y.S. (2012) Bamboo fibre reinforced biocomposites: a review. Mater. Des. 42:353–368.Search in Google Scholar
Köhler, L. (2000) Biphasic mechanical behaviour of plant tissues. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 11:51–56.Search in Google Scholar
Launey, M.E., Ritchie, R.O. (2009) On the fracture toughness of advanced materials. Adv. Mater. 21:2103–2110.Search in Google Scholar
Li, X.B. (2004) Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of bamboo and its utilization potential for fiber board manufacturing. Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College. pp. 34–45.Search in Google Scholar
Lichtenegger, H., Reterer, A., Stanzl-Tschegg, S.E., Fratzl, P. (1999) Variation of cellulose microfibril angles in softwoods and hardwoods. J. Struct. Biol. 128:257–269.Search in Google Scholar
Liese, W., Weiner, G. (1996) Ageing of bamboo culms. A review. Wood Sci. Technol. 30:77–89.Search in Google Scholar
Lin, G.G., Dong, J.W. (2000) The variation tendency of chemical composition contents in Dendrocalamus latiflorus culm. J. Plant Res. Environ. 9:55–56.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, D.G., Song, J.W., Anderson, D.P., Chang, P.R., Hua, Y. (2012) Bamboo fiber and its reinforced composites: structure and properties. Cellulose 19:1449–1480.10.1007/s10570-012-9741-1Search in Google Scholar
Murphy, R.J., Alvin, K.L. (1992) Variation in fibre wall structure of bamboo. IAWA Bull. 13:403–410.10.1163/22941932-90001296Search in Google Scholar
Parameswaran, N., Liese, W. (1976) On the fine structure of bamboo fibres. Wood Sci. Technol. 10:231–246.Search in Google Scholar
Ray, A.K., Mondal, S., Das, S.K. (2005) Bamboo – a functionally graded composite – correlation between microstructure and mechanical strength. J. Mater. Sci. 40:5249–5253.Search in Google Scholar
Reiterer, A., Lichtenegger, H., Tschegg, S., Fratzl, P. (1999) Experimental evidence for a mechanical function of the cellulose microfibril angle in wood cell walls. Philos. Mag. A 79:2173–2184.Search in Google Scholar
Shao, Z.P., Fang, C.H., Huang, S.X., Tian, G.L. (2009) Tensile properties of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and its components with respect to its fiber-reinforced composite structure. Wood Sci. Technol. 44:655–666.Search in Google Scholar
Suzuki, K., Itoh, T. (2001) The changes in cell wall architecture during lignification of bamboo, Phyllostachys aurea Carr. Trees 15:137–147.10.1007/s004680000084Search in Google Scholar
Wang, G.,Yu, Y., Wang, J.W., Cao, S.P., Cheng, H.T. (2011) Microtension test method for measuring tensile properties of individual cellulosic fibers. Wood Fiber Sci. 43:251–261.Search in Google Scholar
Yu, Y., Jiang, Z.H., Fei, B.H., Wang, G., Wang, H.K. (2011a) An improved microtensile technique for mechanical characterization of short plant fibers: a case study on bamboo fibers. J. Mater. Sci. 46:739–746.10.1007/s10853-010-4806-8Search in Google Scholar
Yu, Y., Tian, G.L., Wang, H.K., Fei, B.H., Wang, G. (2011b) Mechanical characterization of single bamboo fibers with nanoindentation and microtensile technique. Holzforschung 65:113–119.10.1515/hf.2011.009Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, A.P., Huang, D.S., Li, H.T., Su, Y. (2012) Hybrid approach to determine the mechanical parameters of fibers and matrixes of bamboo. Constr. Build. Mater. 35:191–196.Search in Google Scholar
©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston