Abstract
To examine the methodology for determining the moisture diffusion behavior of lignocellulosic biomass in steady and unsteady states (two stages of a sorption isotherm), the diffusion coefficients in the steady and unsteady states (DSS and DUS) were investigated over a range of relative humidity (RH) from 10 to 90% using a dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) apparatus and a specifically designed cell kit. Thin samples with a thickness of 50 μm were prepared from three lignocellulosic biomasses, i.e. poplar, Chinese fir and moso bamboo. Based on Fick’s first and second laws, DSS and DUS were determined. An increase in DSS or DUS was observed with increasing equilibrium moisture content (EMC) or transient status, regardless of the lignocellulosic biomass species. The moisture-dependent DSS of poplar, Chinese fir and moso bamboo was similar to values previously reported. Chinese fir and moso bamboo exhibited the highest and the lowest DSS values, respectively, when the same EMCs were achieved. The results of this study revealed that DSS and DUS of lignocellulosic biomass (even with limited dimensions) could be determined during a sorption isotherm in a wide humidity range. Furthermore, the results are helpful for simulating moisture transport behaviors in the fields of drying, paper packaging and wooden building maintenance.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0600202), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31700487), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (CN) (no. BK20170926), the Practice Innovation Training Program for College Students in Jiangsu Province (201810298054Z) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Insitutions (PAPD).
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
References
Altgen, M., Militz, H. (2016) Influence of process conditions on hygroscopicity and mechanical properties of European beech thermally modified in a high-pressure reactor system. Holzforschung 70:971–979.10.1515/hf-2015-0235Search in Google Scholar
Avramidis, S. (2007) Bound water migration in wood. Eds. Perré, P. A.R.BO.LOR, Nancy, pp. 105–124.Search in Google Scholar
Avramidis, S., Englezos, P., Papathanasiou, T. (1992) Dynamic nonisothermal transport in hygroscopic porous media: moisture diffusion in wood. AIChE J. 38:1279–1287.10.1002/aic.690380813Search in Google Scholar
Avramidis, S., Hatzikiriakos, S.G., Siau, J.F. (1994) An irreversible thermodynamics model for unsteady-state nonisothermal moisture diffusion in wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 28:S349–S358.10.1007/BF00195282Search in Google Scholar
Bao, F.C., Hu, R. (1990) Studies of the fluid permeability and diffusion of the paulownia wood. Sci Silvae Sinicae 26:239–246.Search in Google Scholar
Beck, G., Strohbusch, S., Larnøy, E., Militz, H., Hill, C. (2018) Accessibility of hydroxyl groups in anhydride modified wood as measured by deuterium exchange and saponification. Holzforschung 72:17–23.10.1515/hf-2017-0059Search in Google Scholar
Bergman, T.L., Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P., Lavine, A.S. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. 2011.Search in Google Scholar
Bedane, A.H., Eić, M., Farmahini-Farahani, M., Xiao, H. (2016) Theoretical modelling of water vapor transport in cellulose-based materials. Cellulose 23:1537–1552.10.1007/s10570-016-0917-ySearch in Google Scholar
Boardman, C.R., Glass, S.V. (2015) Moisture transfer through the membrane of a cross-flow energy recovery ventilator: measurement and simple data-driven modeling. J. Build Phys. 38:389–418.10.1177/1744259113506072Search in Google Scholar
Cai, L. (2005) Determination of diffusion coefficients for sub-alpine fir. Wood Sci. Technol. 39:153–162.10.1007/s00226-004-0284-ySearch in Google Scholar
Engelund, E.T., Thygesen, L.G., Svensson, S., Hill, C.A.S. (2013) A critical discussion of the physics of wood–water interactions. Wood Sci. Technol. 47:141–161.10.1007/s00226-012-0514-7Search in Google Scholar
Espert, A., Vilaplana, F., Karlsson, S. (2004) Comparison of water absorption in natural cellulosic fibres from wood and one-year crops in polypropylene composites and its influence on their mechanical properties. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 35:1267–1276.10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.04.004Search in Google Scholar
Glass, S.V., Boardman, C.R., Thybring, E.E., Zelinka, S.L. (2018) Quantifying and reducing errors in equilibrium moisture content measurements with dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) experiments. Wood Sci. Technol. 52:909–927.10.1007/s00226-018-1007-0Search in Google Scholar
Hailwood, A., Horrobin, S. (1946) Absorption of water by polymers: analysis in terms of a simple model. Trans. Faraday Soc. 42:B084–B092.10.1039/tf946420b084Search in Google Scholar
Hill, C.A.S., Norton, A.J., Newman, G. (2010) The water vapour sorption properties of Sitka spruce determined using a dynamic vapour sorption apparatus. Wood Sci. Technol. 44:497–514.10.1007/s00226-010-0305-ySearch in Google Scholar
Himmel, S., Mai, C. (2016) Water vapour sorption of wood modified by acetylation and formalisation – analysed by a sorption kinetics model and thermodynamic considerations. Holzforschung 70:203–213.10.1515/hf-2015-0015Search in Google Scholar
ISO standard (2016) 12572, Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products – determination of water vapour transmission properties – cup method.Search in Google Scholar
Kang, W., Kang, C-W., Chung, W.Y., Eom, C-D., Yeo, H. (2008) The effect of openings on combined bound water and water vapor diffusion in wood. J. Wood Sci. 54:343–348.10.1007/s10086-008-0965-5Search in Google Scholar
Konopka, D., Bachitar, E.V., Niemz, P., Kaliske, M. (2017) Experimental and numerical analysis of moisture transport in walnut and cherry wood in radial and tangential materials directions. BioResources 12:8920–8936.10.15376/biores.12.4.8920-8936Search in Google Scholar
Krabbenhoft, K., Damkilde, L. (2004) A model for non-Fickian moisture transfer in wood. Mater. Struct. 37:615–622.10.1007/BF02483291Search in Google Scholar
Kulasinski, K., Keten, S., Churakov, S.V. (2014) Molecular mechanism of moisture-induced transition in amorphous cellulose. ACS Macro. Lett. 3:1037–1040.10.1021/mz500528mSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Kupczak, A., Bratasz, Ł., Kryściak-Czerwenka, J., Kozłowski, R. (2018) Moisture sorption and diffusion in historical cellulose-based materials. Cellulose 25:2873–2884.10.1007/s10570-018-1772-9Search in Google Scholar
Liu, J., Yu, J., Wang, X., Li, Y. (2018) Heat and mass transfer multi-scale unit characterization model in the drying process of Pinus sylvestris. J. For. Eng. 3:26–31.Search in Google Scholar
Massoquete, A., Lavrykov, S.A., Ramarao, B.V., Goel, A., Ramaswamy, S. (2005) The effect of pulp refining on lateral and transverse moisture diffusion in paper. Tappi J. 4:3–8.Search in Google Scholar
Nair, S.S., Zhu, J.Y., Deng, Y., Ragauskas, A.J. (2014) High performance green barriers based on nanocellulose. Sustain. Chem. Process 2:23.10.1186/s40508-014-0023-0Search in Google Scholar
Olek, W., Perré, P., Weres, J. (2005) Inverse analysis of the transient bound water diffusion in wood. Holzforschung 59:38–45.10.1515/HF.2005.007Search in Google Scholar
Pasztory, Z., Horvath, T., Glass, S.V., Zelinka, S.L. (2015) Thermal insulation system made of wood and paper for use in residential construction. Forest Prod. J. 65:352–357.10.13073/FPJ-D-14-00100Search in Google Scholar
Perré, P. (2010) Multiscale modeling of drying as a powerful extension of the macroscopic approach: application to solid wood and biomass processing. Dry Technol. 28:944–959.10.1080/07373937.2010.497079Search in Google Scholar
Rautkari, L., Hill, C.A.S., Curling, S. (2013) What is the role of the accessibility of wood hydroxyl groups in controlling moisture content? J. Mater. Sci. 48:6352–6356.10.1007/s10853-013-7434-2Search in Google Scholar
Siau, J.F. Transport Processes in Wood. Springer, Berlin, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Simón, C., Esteban, L.G., de Palacios, P., Fernández, F.G., García-Iruela, A. (2017) Sorption/desorption hysteresis revisited. Sorption properties of Pinus pinea L. analysed by the parallel exponential kinetics and Kelvin-Voigt models. Holzforschung 71:171–177.10.1515/hf-2016-0097Search in Google Scholar
Shi, S.Q. (2007) Diffusion model based on Fick’s second law for the moisture absorption process in wood fiber-based composites: is it suitable or not? Wood Sci. Technol. 41:645–658.10.1007/s00226-006-0123-4Search in Google Scholar
Skaar, C. Wood-Water Relations. Springer, Berlin, 1988.10.1007/978-3-642-73683-4Search in Google Scholar
Sonderegger, W., Vecellio, M., Zwicker, P., Niemz, P. (2011) Combined bound water and water vapour diffusion of Norway spruce and European beech in and between the principal anatomical directions. Holzforschung 65:819–828.10.1515/HF.2011.091Search in Google Scholar
Stamm, A.J. (1956) Diffusion of water into uncoated cellophane I. From rates of water vapour adsorption and liquid water absorption. J. Phys. Chem. 60:76–82.10.1021/j150535a019Search in Google Scholar
Stamm, A.J. (1960) Combined bound-water and water-vapour diffusion into Sitka Spruce. For. Prod. J. 10:644–648.Search in Google Scholar
Thybring, E.E., Thygesen, L.G., Burgert, I. (2017) Hydroxyl accessibility in wood cell walls as affected by drying and re-wetting procedures. Cellulose 24:2375–2384.10.1007/s10570-017-1278-xSearch in Google Scholar
Wadsö, L. (1993) Measurements of water vapour sorption in wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 28:59–65.10.1007/BF00193877Search in Google Scholar
Wadsö, L. (1994) Describing non-Fickian water-vapour sorption in wood. J. Mater. Sci. 29:2367–2372.10.1007/BF00363428Search in Google Scholar
Wadsö, L. (2007) Unsteady-state water vapor adsorption in wood: an experimental study. Wood Fiber Sci. 26:36–50.Search in Google Scholar
Willems, W. (2014) The water vapor sorption mechanism and its hysteresis in wood: the water/void mixture postulate. Wood Sci. Technol. 48:499–518.10.1007/s00226-014-0617-4Search in Google Scholar
Willems, W. (2015) A critical review of the multilayer sorption models and comparison with the sorption site occupancy (SSO) model for wood moisture sorption isotherm analysis. Holzforschung 69:67–75.10.1515/hf-2014-0069Search in Google Scholar
Willems, W. (2017) Thermally limited wood moisture changes: relevance for dynamic vapour sorption experiments. Wood Sci. Technol. 51:751–770.10.1007/s00226-017-0905-xSearch in Google Scholar
Yu, X., Schmidt, A.R., Bello-Perez, L.A., Schmidt, S.J. (2008) Determination of the bulk moisture diffusion coefficient for corn starch using an automated water sorption instrument. J. Agr. Food Chem. 56:50–58.10.1021/jf071894aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Zelinka, S.L., Glass, S.V., Thybring, E.E. (2018) Myth versus reality: do parabolic sorption isotherm models reflect actual wood–water thermodynamics? Wood Sci. Technol. 52: 1701–1706.10.1007/s00226-018-1035-9Search in Google Scholar
©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
