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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter February 4, 2015

A comprehensive review on biodegradable polymers and their blends used in controlled-release fertilizer processes

  • Zahid Majeed

    Zahid Majeed obtained his Master of Philosophy degree in Biochemistry from Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan, in 2008. After that he joined the Ministry of National Food Security & Research, Islamabad, Pakistan where he served as a manager until 2011. In the same year, he went to Malaysia where he continued his PhD under the supervision of Dr Nurlidia Mansor and co-supervision of Dr Zakaria Man at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Perak, Malaysia. Currently, he is working on the biodegradable biomaterial’s development from low-cost waste resources for the application of slow drug delivery technologies. Both theoretical and applied aspects are of special interest that involve microbial and enzymatic transformation through their reaction kinetic studies in these materials.

    , Nur Kamila Ramli

    Nur Kamila Ramli is currently doing her PhD in Chemical Engineering at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia. She obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Technology from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, in 2009 and was involved with wastewater analysis as the final project. In 2010, she obtained her Master’s degree (course work mode) in Environmental Studies (final project: water quality analysis) from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia. Her current research focuses on natural compounds such as urease bioinhibitors for controlled-release fertilizer application.

    , Nurlidia Mansor

    Nurlidia Mansor is a senior lecturer at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. She holds degrees in Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia and a PhD in Environmental Chemistry from Glasgow University, UK. Her research interest lies in the areas of biomonitoring, bioremediation and phytoremediation as well as microalgae biosorbents. She is also part of a research group that studies alternative green materials for improvements in agricultural technology.

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    and Zakaria Man

    Zakaria Man is a lecturer of polymer- and petrochemical-related subjects at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia. He started his career in 1985 with PETRONAS Research Institute. In 1994, he took up work at Polyethylene Malaysia Sdn. Berhad (PEMSB) and was appointed as a polymer technologist. In 1997, he joined UTP and pursued his PhD in Polymer Science and Technology at the Polymer Science Centre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK. His current research interest includes biopolymers, polymer blends and polymer composites.

Abstract

Biodegradable polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers (PC-CRFs) are essential means to reduce cost, improve marketability, conserve land fertility, achieve high crop yields and combat climate challenges. It is known that about 15–30% of any fertilizer packed in a PC-CRF does not get released due to the concentration gradient difference across the polymer coatings. To release the trapped fertilizer(s), it is desired that polymer-based coatings should biodegrade after the fertilizer is completely released into the soil. This review has aimed to provide a comprehensive account for various biodegradable polymers/blends derived either from natural or synthetic sources which are cited in the literature for PC-CRFs. In addition, this review covers the discussion on their classification criteria, trends in the processes of fertilizer coatings, methodological issues for their biodegradation assessment, coating attributes that affect the biodegradability and an outlook into their biodegradation kinetic models that involve enzymes and microbial processes. It also concludes that experimental as well as modeling data are insufficient to assess the biodegradation contribution of the overall nutrient release in PC-CRFs.


Corresponding author: Nurlidia Mansor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia, e-mail:

About the authors

Zahid Majeed

Zahid Majeed obtained his Master of Philosophy degree in Biochemistry from Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan, in 2008. After that he joined the Ministry of National Food Security & Research, Islamabad, Pakistan where he served as a manager until 2011. In the same year, he went to Malaysia where he continued his PhD under the supervision of Dr Nurlidia Mansor and co-supervision of Dr Zakaria Man at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Perak, Malaysia. Currently, he is working on the biodegradable biomaterial’s development from low-cost waste resources for the application of slow drug delivery technologies. Both theoretical and applied aspects are of special interest that involve microbial and enzymatic transformation through their reaction kinetic studies in these materials.

Nur Kamila Ramli

Nur Kamila Ramli is currently doing her PhD in Chemical Engineering at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia. She obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Technology from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, in 2009 and was involved with wastewater analysis as the final project. In 2010, she obtained her Master’s degree (course work mode) in Environmental Studies (final project: water quality analysis) from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia. Her current research focuses on natural compounds such as urease bioinhibitors for controlled-release fertilizer application.

Nurlidia Mansor

Nurlidia Mansor is a senior lecturer at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. She holds degrees in Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia and a PhD in Environmental Chemistry from Glasgow University, UK. Her research interest lies in the areas of biomonitoring, bioremediation and phytoremediation as well as microalgae biosorbents. She is also part of a research group that studies alternative green materials for improvements in agricultural technology.

Zakaria Man

Zakaria Man is a lecturer of polymer- and petrochemical-related subjects at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia. He started his career in 1985 with PETRONAS Research Institute. In 1994, he took up work at Polyethylene Malaysia Sdn. Berhad (PEMSB) and was appointed as a polymer technologist. In 1997, he joined UTP and pursued his PhD in Polymer Science and Technology at the Polymer Science Centre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK. His current research interest includes biopolymers, polymer blends and polymer composites.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, for research funding through Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) and Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for providing graduate assistantship to complete this research successfully. We are also grateful to all anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions to improve this manuscript for the publication. Funding: Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia through Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS), (Grant/Award Number: ‘0153AB-C71-4’).

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Received: 2014-5-27
Accepted: 2014-12-19
Published Online: 2015-2-4
Published in Print: 2015-2-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

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