Abstract
Biodegradable polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers (PC-CRFs) are essential means to reduce cost, improve marketability, conserve land fertility, achieve high crop yields and combat climate challenges. It is known that about 15–30% of any fertilizer packed in a PC-CRF does not get released due to the concentration gradient difference across the polymer coatings. To release the trapped fertilizer(s), it is desired that polymer-based coatings should biodegrade after the fertilizer is completely released into the soil. This review has aimed to provide a comprehensive account for various biodegradable polymers/blends derived either from natural or synthetic sources which are cited in the literature for PC-CRFs. In addition, this review covers the discussion on their classification criteria, trends in the processes of fertilizer coatings, methodological issues for their biodegradation assessment, coating attributes that affect the biodegradability and an outlook into their biodegradation kinetic models that involve enzymes and microbial processes. It also concludes that experimental as well as modeling data are insufficient to assess the biodegradation contribution of the overall nutrient release in PC-CRFs.
About the authors
Zahid Majeed obtained his Master of Philosophy degree in Biochemistry from Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan, in 2008. After that he joined the Ministry of National Food Security & Research, Islamabad, Pakistan where he served as a manager until 2011. In the same year, he went to Malaysia where he continued his PhD under the supervision of Dr Nurlidia Mansor and co-supervision of Dr Zakaria Man at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Perak, Malaysia. Currently, he is working on the biodegradable biomaterial’s development from low-cost waste resources for the application of slow drug delivery technologies. Both theoretical and applied aspects are of special interest that involve microbial and enzymatic transformation through their reaction kinetic studies in these materials.
Nur Kamila Ramli is currently doing her PhD in Chemical Engineering at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia. She obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Technology from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, in 2009 and was involved with wastewater analysis as the final project. In 2010, she obtained her Master’s degree (course work mode) in Environmental Studies (final project: water quality analysis) from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia. Her current research focuses on natural compounds such as urease bioinhibitors for controlled-release fertilizer application.
Nurlidia Mansor is a senior lecturer at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. She holds degrees in Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia and a PhD in Environmental Chemistry from Glasgow University, UK. Her research interest lies in the areas of biomonitoring, bioremediation and phytoremediation as well as microalgae biosorbents. She is also part of a research group that studies alternative green materials for improvements in agricultural technology.
Zakaria Man is a lecturer of polymer- and petrochemical-related subjects at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia. He started his career in 1985 with PETRONAS Research Institute. In 1994, he took up work at Polyethylene Malaysia Sdn. Berhad (PEMSB) and was appointed as a polymer technologist. In 1997, he joined UTP and pursued his PhD in Polymer Science and Technology at the Polymer Science Centre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK. His current research interest includes biopolymers, polymer blends and polymer composites.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, for research funding through Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) and Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for providing graduate assistantship to complete this research successfully. We are also grateful to all anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions to improve this manuscript for the publication. Funding: Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia through Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS), (Grant/Award Number: ‘0153AB-C71-4’).
References
Abdulla R, Ravindra P. Characterization of cross linked Burkholderia cepacia lipase in alginate and κ-carrageenan hybrid matrix. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2013; 44: 545.10.1016/j.jtice.2013.01.003Search in Google Scholar
Abraham J, Rajasekharan Pillai V. Membrane-encapsulated controlled-release urea fertilizers based on acrylamide copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 1996; 60: 2347–2351.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960627)60:13<2347::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-ESearch in Google Scholar
Akiyama H, Yan X, Yagi K. Evaluation of effectiveness of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers as mitigation options for N2O and NO emissions from agricultural soils: meta-analysis. Global Change Biol 2010; 16: 1837–1846.10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02031.xSearch in Google Scholar
Alemzadeh I, Vossoughi M. Controlled release of paraquat from poly vinyl alcohol hydrogel. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2002; 41: 707–710.10.1016/S0255-2701(01)00190-8Search in Google Scholar
Ali MI, Perveen Q, Ahmad B, Javed I, Razi-Ul-Hussnain R, Andleeb S, Atique N, Ghumro PB, Ahmed S, Hameed A. Studies on biodegradation of cellulose blended polyvinyl chloride films. Int J Agric Biol 2009; 11: 577–580.Search in Google Scholar
Ali M, Ahmed S, Javed I, Ali N, Atiq N, Hameed A, Robson G. Biodegradation of starch blended polyvinyl chloride films by isolated Phanerochaete chrysosporium PV1. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2014; 11: 339–348.10.1007/s13762-013-0220-5Search in Google Scholar
Allison SD. Soil minerals and humic acids alter enzyme stability: implications for ecosystem processes. Biogeochemistry 2006; 81: 361–373.10.1007/s10533-006-9046-2Search in Google Scholar
Allison SD, Chacon SS, German DP. Substrate concentration constraints on microbial decomposition. Soil Biol Biochem 2014; 79: 43–49.10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.08.021Search in Google Scholar
Al-Zahrani S. Utilization of polyethylene and paraffin waxes as controlled delivery systems for different fertilizers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000; 39: 367–371.10.1021/ie980683fSearch in Google Scholar
Andrews J. A mathematical model for the continuous culture of microorganisms utilizing inhibitory substance. Biotechnol Bioeng 1968; 10; 707–723.10.1002/bit.260100602Search in Google Scholar
Andry H, Yamamoto T, Irie T, Moritani S, Inoue M, Fujiyama H. Water retention, hydraulic conductivity of hydrophilic polymers in sandy soil as affected by temperature and water quality. J Hydrol 2009; 373: 177–183.10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.020Search in Google Scholar
Anghel A, Lacatusu A-R, Lacatusu R, Iancu S, Lungu M, Lazar R, Vrinceanu A. The effect of prolonged release mineral fertilizers coated with co-polyester films from pet waste recycling on maize plants. Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy 2012; LV-2012: 123–128.Search in Google Scholar
Anggoro DD. Producing slow release urea by coating with starch/acrylic acid in fluid bed spraying. Int J Eng Tech 2011; 11: 77–80.Search in Google Scholar
Arcos-Hernandez MV, Laycock B, Pratt S, Donose BC, Nikolić MAL, Luckman P, Werker A, Lant PA. Biodegradation in a soil environment of activated sludge derived polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHBV). Polym Degrad Stabil 2012; 97: 2301.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.035Search in Google Scholar
Ariyanti S, Man Z, Azmi BM. Improvement of hydrophobicity of urea modified tapioca starch film with lignin for slow release fertilizer. Adv Mater Res 2012; 626: 350–354.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.626.350Search in Google Scholar
Arrieta MP, Parres F, López J, Jiménez A. Development of a novel pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the analysis of poly (lactic acid) thermal degradation products. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2013; 101: 150–155.10.1016/j.jaap.2013.01.017Search in Google Scholar
Azeem B, Kushaari K, Man ZB, Basit A, Thanh TH. Review on materials & methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer. J Control Release 2014; 181: 11–21.10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.020Search in Google Scholar
Baei SM, Najafpour G, Younesi H, Tabandeh F, Issazadeh H, Khodabandeh M. Growth kinetic parameters and biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate in Cupriavidus necator DSMZ 545 on selected substrates. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly/CICEQ 2011; 17: 1–8.10.2298/CICEQ100216043BSearch in Google Scholar
Bashan Y, Hernandez J-P, Leyva L, Bacilio M. Alginate microbeads as inoculant carriers for plant growth-promoting bacteria. Biol Fert Soils 2002; 35: 359–368.10.1007/s00374-002-0481-5Search in Google Scholar
Bikiaris DN, Papageorgiou GZ, Achilias DS. Synthesis and comparative biodegradability studies of three poly(alkylene succinate)s. Polym Deg Stab 2006; 91: 31–43.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.030Search in Google Scholar
Blankinship JC, Becerra CA, Schaeffer SM, Schimel JP. Separating cellular metabolism from exoenzyme activity in soil organic matter decomposition. Soil Biol Biochem 2014; 71: 68–75.10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.010Search in Google Scholar
Bonhomme S, Cuer A, Delort A, Lemaire J, Sancelme M, Scott G. Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. Polym Deg Stab 2003 81: 441–452.10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00129-0Search in Google Scholar
Burke D, Akay G, Bilsborrow P. Development of novel polymeric materials for agroprocess intensification. J Appl Polymer Sci 2010; 118: 3292–3299.10.1002/app.32640Search in Google Scholar
Burkersroda FV, Schedl L, Göpferich A. Why degradable polymers undergo surface erosion or bulk erosion. Biomaterials 2002; 23: 4221–4231.10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00170-9Search in Google Scholar
Burns R. How do microbial extracellular enzymes locate and degrade natural and synthetic polymers in soil. In: Xu J, Huang P, editors. Molecular environmental soil science at the interfaces in the earth’s critical zone: Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2010. p. 294–297.Search in Google Scholar
Burns RG, Deforest JL, Marxsen J, Sinsabaugh RL, Stromberger ME, Wallenstein MD, Weintraub MN, Zoppini A. Soil enzymes in a changing environment: current knowledge and future directions. Soil Biol Biochem 2013; 58: 216–234.10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.11.009Search in Google Scholar
Calabria L, Vieceli N, Bianchi O, Boff de Oliveira RV, do Nascimento Filho I, Schmidt V. Soy protein isolate/poly (lactic acid) injection-molded biodegradable blends for slow release of fertilizers. Ind Crop Prod 2012; 36: 41–46.10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.08.003Search in Google Scholar
Capitelli F, Principi P, Sorlini C. Biodeterioration of modern materials in contemporary collections: can biotechnology help? Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24: 350–354.10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Castro-Enríquez DD, Rodríguez-Félix F, Ramírez-Wong B, Torres-Chávez PI, Castillo-Ortega MM, Rodríguez-Félix DE, Armenta-Villegas L, Ledesma-Osuna AI. Preparation, characterization and release of urea from wheat gluten electrospun membranes. Materials 2012; 5: 2903–2916.10.3390/ma5122903Search in Google Scholar
Chen L, Xie Z, Zhuang X, Chen X, Jing X. Controlled release of urea encapsulated by starch-g-poly(l-lactide). Carbohyd Polym 2008; 72: 342–348.10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.09.003Search in Google Scholar
Chin-San W. Controlled release evaluation of bacterial fertilizer using polymer composites as matrix. J Control Release 2008; 132: 42–48.10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.08.015Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chiou B-S, Avena-Bustillos RJ, Bechtel PJ, Jafri H, Narayan R, Imam SH, Glenn GM, Orts WJ. Cold water fish gelatin films: effects of cross-linking on thermal, mechanical, barrier, and biodegradation properties. Eur Polym J 2008; 44: 3748–3753.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.08.011Search in Google Scholar
Cho HS, Moon HS, Kim M, Nam K, Kim JY. Biodegradability and biodegradation rate of poly(caprolactone)-starch blend and poly(butylene succinate) biodegradable polymer under aerobic and anaerobic environment. Waste Manag 2011; 31: 475–480.10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.029Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Costa MM, Cabral-Albuquerque EC, Alves TL, Pinto JC, Fialho RL. Use of polyhydroxybutyrate and ethyl cellulose for coating of urea granules. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61: 9984–9991.10.1021/jf401185ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Davidson D, Gu FX. Materials for sustained and controlled release of nutrients and molecules to support plant growth. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60: 870–876.10.1021/jf204092hSearch in Google Scholar
Davidson DW, Verma MS, Gu FX. Controlled root targeted delivery of fertilizer using an ionically crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel matrix. SpringerPlus 2013; 2: 4–9.10.1186/2193-1801-2-318Search in Google Scholar
Devassine M, Henry F, Guerin P, Briand X. Coating of fertilizers by degradable polymers. Int J Pharm 2002; 242: 399–404.10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00225-9Search in Google Scholar
Du C-W, Zhou J-M, Shaviv A. Release characteristics of nutrients from polymer-coated compound controlled release fertilizers. J Polym Environ 2006; 14: 223–230.10.1007/s10924-006-0025-4Search in Google Scholar
Dušek K, Dušková-Smrčková M. Network structure formation during crosslinking of organic coating systems. Prog Polym Sci 2000; 25: 1215–1260.10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00028-9Search in Google Scholar
Entry JA, Sojka R. Matrix based fertilizers reduce nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in three soils. J Environ Manage 2008; 87: 364–372.10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.044Search in Google Scholar
FAO. Global agriculture towards 2050 in high level expert forum – how to feed the world in 2050. Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy: Office of the director, agricultural development economics division economic and social development department 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Fernández-Pérez M, Garrido-Herrera FJ, González-Pradas E, Villafranca-Sánchez M, Flores-Céspedes F. Lignin and ethylcellulose as polymers in controlled release formulations of urea. J Appl Polym Sci 2008; 108: 3796–3803.10.1002/app.27987Search in Google Scholar
Fujita T, Takahashi C, Ushioda T, Shimizu H. Coated granular fertilizer capable of controlling the effects of temperature upon dissolution-out rate. United States Patent, No. 4, 881,963, 1983.Search in Google Scholar
Garcia MC, Dãez JA, Vallejo A, Garcãa L, Cartagena MC. Use of kraft pine lignin in controlled-release fertilizer formulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 1996; 35: 245–249.10.1021/ie950056fSearch in Google Scholar
Ge J, Yu H, Zhong W, Li W, Yu T. Study on the utilization of biodegradable polyurethane material from the bark of Acacia mearnsii (I). Coating material of controlled slow-release fertilizer. J Funct Polym 1998; 11: 478–482.Search in Google Scholar
Ge J, Wu R, Shi X, Yu H, Wang M, Li W. Biodegradable polyurethane materials from bark and starch: II. Coating material for controlled-release fertilizer. J Appl Polym Sci 2002; 86: 2948–2952.10.1002/app.11211Search in Google Scholar
Göpferich A. Mechanisms of polymer degradation and erosion. Biomaterials 1996; 17: 103–114.10.1016/0142-9612(96)85755-3Search in Google Scholar
Guo M, Liu M, Zhan F, Wu L. Preparation and properties of a slow-release membrane-encapsulated urea fertilizer with superabsorbent and moisture preservation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005; 44: 4206–4211.10.1021/ie0489406Search in Google Scholar
Guo M, Liu M, Liang R, Niu A. Granular urea-formaldehyde slow-release fertilizer with superabsorbent and moisture preservation. J Appl Polym Sci 2006; 99: 3230–3235.10.1002/app.22892Search in Google Scholar
Gurny R, Doelker E, Peppas N. Modelling of sustained release of water-soluble drugs from porous, hydrophobic polymers. Biomaterials 1982 3: 27–32.10.1016/0142-9612(82)90057-6Search in Google Scholar
Hamid NNA, Mohamad N, Hing LY, Dimin MF, Azam MA, Hassan MHC, Mustaq MKS, Ahmad AS. The effect of chitosan content to physical and degradation properties of biodegradable urea fertilizer. J Scie Innov Res 2013; 2: 893–902.Search in Google Scholar
Han X, Chen S, Hu X. Controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by starch/polyvinyl alcohol coating. Desalination 2009; 240: 21–26.10.1016/j.desal.2008.01.047Search in Google Scholar
Hanafi M, Eltaib S, Ahmad M. Physical and chemical characteristics of controlled release compound fertiliser. Eur Polymer J 2000; 36: 2081–2088.10.1016/S0014-3057(00)00004-5Search in Google Scholar
Hassan Z, Young S, Hepburn C, Arizal R. An evaluation of urea-rubber matrices as slow-release fertilizers. Fert Res 1990; 22: 63–70.10.1007/BF01116180Search in Google Scholar
Howard GT. Microbial biodegradation of polyurethane. Recent Developments in Polymer Recycling 2011a; 215: 238.Search in Google Scholar
Howard GT. Polyurethane biodegradation. In: Signh SN, editor. Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics Environmental Science and Engineering. Berlin: Springer, 2011b; 2012: 371–394.Search in Google Scholar
Hussain MR, Devi RR, Maji TK. Controlled release of urea from chitosan microspheres prepared by emulsification and cross-linking method. Iran Polym J 2012; 21: 473–479.10.1007/s13726-012-0051-0Search in Google Scholar
Ibrahim AA, Jibril BY. Controlled release of paraffin wax/rosin-coated fertilizers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005; 44: 2288–2291.10.1021/ie048853dSearch in Google Scholar
Ignat L, Ignat M, Ciobanu C, Doroftei F, Popa V. Effects of flax lignin addition on enzymatic oxidation of poly(ethylene adipate) urethanes. Ind Crops Prod 2011; 34: 1017–1028.10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.010Search in Google Scholar
Iovino R, Zullo R, Rao M, Cassar L, Gianfreda L. Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)/starch/coir biocomposites under controlled composting conditions. Polym Deg Stab 2008; 93: 147–157.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.10.011Search in Google Scholar
Jacobs DF, Rose R, Haase DL. Incorporating controlled-release fertilizer technology into outplanting. In: Riley LE, Dumroese RK, Landis TD, editors. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2002. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Proc. RMRS-P-28, 2003: 37–42.Search in Google Scholar
Jamnongkan T, Kaewpirom S. Controlled-release fertilizer based on chitosan hydrogel: phosphorus release kinetics. Sci J UBU 2010a; 1: 43–50.Search in Google Scholar
Jamnongkan T, Kaewpirom S. Potassium release kinetics and water retention of controlled-release fertilizers based on chitosan hydrogels. J Polym Environ 2010b; 18: 413–421.10.1007/s10924-010-0228-6Search in Google Scholar
Jarrell WM, Boersma L. Model for the release of urea by granules of sulfur-coated urea applied to soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1979; 43: 1044–1050.10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300050046xSearch in Google Scholar
Jaworska MM. Kinetics of enzymatic deacetylation of chitosan. Cellulose 2012; 19: 363.10.1007/s10570-012-9650-3Search in Google Scholar
Jia X, Ma Z-Y, Zhang G-X, Hu J-M, Liu Z-Y, Wang H-Y, Zhou F. Polydopamine film coated controlled-release multielement compound fertilizer based on mussel-inspired chemistry. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61: 2919–2924.10.1021/jf3053059Search in Google Scholar
Jintakanon N, Opaprakasit P, Petchsuk A, Opaprakasit M. Controlled release materials for fertilizer based on lactic acid polymers. Adv Mater Res 2008; 905–908.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.55-57.905Search in Google Scholar
Junejo N, Khanif MY, Hanfi MM, Dharejo KA, Wan ZWY. Reduced loss of NH3 by coating urea with biodegradable polymers, palm stearin and selected micronutrients. Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10: 10618–10625.10.5897/AJB10.394Search in Google Scholar
Junejo N, Khanif M, Dharejo K, Abdu A, Abdul-Hamid H. A field evaluation of coated urea with biodegradable materials and selected urease inhibitors. Afr J Biotechn 2014; 10: 19729–19736.Search in Google Scholar
Kakoulides EP, Valkanas GN. Modified rosin-paraffin wax resins as controlled delivery systems for fertilizers: 1. Fabrication parameters governing fertilizer release in water. Ind Eng Chem Res 1994; 33: 1623–1630.10.1021/ie00030a025Search in Google Scholar
Karamanlioglu M, Robson GD. The influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the rate of degradation of poly(lactic) acid (PLA) coupons buried in compost and soil. Polym Degrad. Stab 2013; 98: 2063–2071.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.07.004Search in Google Scholar
Karlsson S, Ljungquist O, Albertsson A-C. Biodegradation of polyethylene and the influence of surfactants. Polym Degrad Stab 1988; 21: 237–250.10.1016/0141-3910(88)90030-4Search in Google Scholar
Kim M, Lee S-J. Characteristics of crosslinked potato starch and starch-filled linear low-density polyethylene films. Carbohyd Polym 2002; 50: 331–337.10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00057-7Search in Google Scholar
Kordach A. Preparation and characterization of controlled-release materials for urea fertilizer from copolyester and its blend. Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University, Thailand, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Lee K, Tremblay GH, Levy E. Bioremediation: application of slow-release fertilizers on low-energy shorelines. International Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, 1993; 1993: 449–454.Search in Google Scholar
Liang R, Liu M. Preparation and properties of a double-coated slow-release and water-retention urea fertilizer. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54: 1392–1398.10.1021/jf052582fSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Lin Y-H, Lin W-F, Jhang K-N, Lin P-Y, Lee M-C. Adsorption with biodegradation for decolorization of reactive black 5 by Funalia trogii 200800 on a fly ash-chitosan medium in a fluidized bed bioreactor-kinetic model and reactor performance. Biodegradation 2013; 24: 137–152.10.1007/s10532-012-9565-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Liu Y, Yin S, Wang Y, Cai D, Zhang X, Zhang W. Effect of high porosity on biodegradation of poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) in vivo. J Biomater Appl 2014; 28: 1105–1112.10.1177/0885328213499806Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lübken M, Gehring T, Wichern M. Microbiological fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass: current state and prospects of mathematical modeling. Appl Microbiol Biot 2010; 85: 1643.10.1007/s00253-009-2365-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lucas N, Bienaime C, Belloy C, Queneudec M, Silvestre F, Nava-Saucedo JE. Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques. Chemosphere 2008; 73: 429–442.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lum YH, Shaaban A, Mitan NMM, Dimin MF, Mohamad N, Hamid N, Se SM. Characterization of urea encapsulated by biodegradable starch-PVA-glycerol. J Polym Environ 2013; 21: 1083–1087.10.1007/s10924-012-0552-0Search in Google Scholar
Maiti S, Ray D, Mitra D. Role of crosslinker on the biodegradation behavior of starch/polyvinylalcohol blend films. J Polym Environ 2012; 20: 749–759.10.1007/s10924-012-0433-6Search in Google Scholar
Majeed Z, Ramli NK, Mansor N, Man Z. Lignin loading effect on biodegradability and nitrogen release properties of urea modified tapioca starch in wet soil. Key Eng Mater 2014a; 594: 798–802.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.594-595.798Search in Google Scholar
Majeed Z, Ramli NK, Mansor N, Man Z. Starch biodegradation in a lignin modified slow release fertilizer: effect of thickness. Appl Mech Mater 2014b; 625: 830–833.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.625.830Search in Google Scholar
Majeed Z, Ramli NK, Mansor N, Man Z. Lignin modified urea fertilizer biodegradation and nitrogen release under reduced soil conditions. Appl Mech Mater 2015; 699: 981–987.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.699.981Search in Google Scholar
Mathews AS, Narine S. Poly [N-isopropyl acrylamide]-co-polyurethane copolymers for controlled release of urea. J Polym Sci A1 2010; 48: 3236–3243.10.1002/pola.24090Search in Google Scholar
Mikkelsen RL. Using hydrophilic polymers to control nutrient release. Fert Res 1994; 38: 53–59.10.1007/BF00750062Search in Google Scholar
Modelli A, Calcagno B, Scandola M, Kinetics of aerobic polymer degradation in soil by means of the ASTM D 5988-96 standard method. J Environ Polym Degrad 1999; 7: 109–116.10.1023/A:1021864402395Search in Google Scholar
Mor R, Sivan A. Biofilm formation and partial biodegradation of polystyrene by the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber. Biodegradation 2008; 19: 851–858.10.1007/s10532-008-9188-0Search in Google Scholar
Mousavioun P, George GA, Doherty WOS. Environmental degradation of lignin/poly(hydroxybutyrate) blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2012; 97: 1114–1122.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.04.004Search in Google Scholar
Mukai K, Yamada K, Doi Y. Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous hydrolysis of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] film by PHA depolymerases. Int J Biol Macromol 1993; 15: 361–366.10.1016/0141-8130(93)90054-PSearch in Google Scholar
Mulder WJ, Gosselink RJA, Vingerhoeds MH, Harmsen PFH, Eastham D. Lignin based controlled release coatings. Ind Crops Prod 2011; 34: 915–920.10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.02.011Search in Google Scholar
Nakajima-Kambe T, Shigeno-Akutsu Y, Nomura N, Onuma F, Nakahara T. Microbial degradation of polyurethane, polyester polyurethanes and polyether polyurethanes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999; 51: 134–140.10.1007/s002530051373Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Natarajan J, Rattan S, Singh U, Madras G, Chatterjee K. Polyanhydrides of castor oil-sebacic acid for controlled release applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014; 53: 7891–7901.10.1021/ie500679uSearch in Google Scholar
Naz M, Sulaiman S. Testing of starch-based carbohydrate polymer coatings for enhanced urea performance. J Coat Technol Res 2014; 11: 747–756.10.1007/s11998-014-9590-ySearch in Google Scholar
Ni B, Liu M, Lü S. Multifunctional slow-release urea fertilizer from ethylcellulose and superabsorbent coated formulations. Chem Eng J 2009; 155: 892–898.10.1016/j.cej.2009.08.025Search in Google Scholar
Ni B, Liu M, Lü S, Xie L, Wang Y. Multifunctional slow-release organic-inorganic compound fertilizer. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58: 12373–12378.10.1021/jf1029306Search in Google Scholar
Nie H, Liu M, Zhan F, Guo M. Factors on the preparation of carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel and its degradation behavior in soil. Carbohyd Polym 2004; 58: 185–189.10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.06.035Search in Google Scholar
Nikolic V, Velickovic S, Popovic A. Biodegradation of polystyrene-graft-starch copolymers in three different types of soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2014; 21: 9877–9886.10.1007/s11356-014-2946-0Search in Google Scholar
Oertli J, Lunt O. Controlled release of fertilizer minerals by incapsulating membranes: I. Factors influencing the rate of release. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1962; 26: 579–583.10.2136/sssaj1962.03615995002600060019xSearch in Google Scholar
Osaribie NA, Okonkwo PC, Aderemi BO. Investigating the effect of Aspergillus niger on starch degradation: process variable optimization and kinetics. Afr J Biotechnol 2013; 12: 4490.10.5897/AJB12.2816Search in Google Scholar
Otey FH, Trimnell D, Westhoff RP, Shasha BS. Starch matrix for controlled release of urea fertilizer. J Agric Food Chem 1984; 32: 1095–1098.10.1021/jf00125a041Search in Google Scholar
Parham JA, Deng SP. Detection, quantification and characterization of b-glucosaminidase activity in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 2000; 32: 1183–1190.10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00034-1Search in Google Scholar
Peng Z, Chen F. Synthesis and properties of lignin-based polyurethane hydrogels. Int J Polym Mater 2011; 60: 674–683.10.1080/00914037.2010.551353Search in Google Scholar
Pepic D, Zagar E, Zigon M, Krzan A, Kunaver M, Djonlagic J. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable aliphatic copolyesters with poly(ethylene oxide) soft segments. Eur Polym J 2008; 44: 904–917.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.11.035Search in Google Scholar
Pérez-García S, Fernández-Pérez M, Villafranca-Sánchez M, González-Pradas E, Flores-Céspedes F. Controlled release of ammonium nitrate from ethylcellulose coated formulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007; 46: 3304–3311.10.1021/ie061530sSearch in Google Scholar
Rahman A, Haniza N, Mansor N, Razali R. The study of biodegradation kinetics of starch based on coating in Controlled Released Fertilizer (CRF). Appl Mech Mat 2013; 295: 240.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.295-298.240Search in Google Scholar
Ravi Kumar MN. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym 2000; 46: 1–27.10.1016/S1381-5148(00)00038-9Search in Google Scholar
Rick DL, Davis JW, Kram SL, Mang MN, Lickly TD. Biodegradation of an epoxy-based thermoplastic polyester, poly (hydroxy ester ether) in a laboratory-scale compost system. J Environ Polym Degr 1998; 6: 143–157.10.1023/A:1021817413415Search in Google Scholar
Rittmann BE, Sutfin JA, Henry B. Biodegradation and sorption properties of polydisperse acrylate polymers. Biodegradation 1991; 2: 181–191.10.1007/BF00124492Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Riyajan S-A, Sasithornsonti Y, Phinyocheep P. Green natural rubber-g-modified starch for controlling urea release. Carbohyd Polym 2012; 89: 251–258.10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rodriguez-Kabana R, Godoy G, Morgan-Jones G, Shelby RA. The determination of soil chitinase activity: conditions for assay and ecological studies. Plant Soil 1983; 75: 95–106.10.1007/BF02178617Search in Google Scholar
Ronkvist ÅM, Lu W, Feder D, Gross RA. Cutinase-catalyzed deacetylation of poly (vinyl acetate). Macromolecules 2009a; 42: 6086–6097.10.1021/ma900530jSearch in Google Scholar
Ronkvist ÅM, Xie W, Lu W, Gross RA. Cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of poly (ethylene terephthalate). Macromolecules 2009b; 42: 5128–5138.10.1021/ma9005318Search in Google Scholar
Rose K, Steinbüchel A. Biodegradation of natural rubber and related compounds: recent insights into a hardly understood catabolic capability of microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71: 2803–2812.10.1128/AEM.71.6.2803-2812.2005Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Roshanravan B, Mahdavi F, Rashid SA. Nitrogen release properties of urea-kaolinite controlled release fertilizer with chitosan binder. In: Aris AZ et al., editors. From sources to solution: Proceedings of the international conference on environmental forensics 2013. Berlin: Springer, 2014.Search in Google Scholar
Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, Hickman D, Jee J, Kimovec FM, Koppstein D. Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77: 6076–6084.10.1128/AEM.00521-11Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Rychter P, Biczak R, Herman B, Smylla A, Kurcok P, Adamus G, Kowalczuk M. Environmental degradation of polyester blends containing atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Biodegradation in soil and ecotoxicological impact. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7: 3125–3131.10.1021/bm060708rSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Sakharovskii VV, Nikitin DI, Sakharovskii VG. Physiological characterization of the survival of some Gram-negative bacteria under conditions of carbon deficiency. Appl Biochem Microbiol 1999; 35: 380–388.Search in Google Scholar
Salman OA. Polymer coating on urea prills to reduce dissolution rate. J Agric Food Chem 1988; 36: 616–621.10.1021/jf00081a053Search in Google Scholar
Salman OA, Hovakeemian G, Khraishi N. Polyethylene-coated urea. 2. Urea release as affected by coating material, soil type and temperature. Ind Eng Chem Res 1989; 28: 633–638.10.1021/ie00089a022Search in Google Scholar
Sareena C, Sreejith M, Ramesan M, Purushothaman E. Biodegradation behaviour of natural rubber composites reinforced with natural resource fillers – monitoring by soil burial test. J Reinf Plast Comp 2014; 33: 412–429.10.1177/0731684413515954Search in Google Scholar
Scandola M, Focarete ML, Frisoni G. Simple kinetic model for the heterogeneous enzymatic hydrolysis of natural poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Macromolecules 1998; 31: 3846–3851.10.1021/ma980137ySearch in Google Scholar
Sempeho SI, Kim HT, Mubofu E, Hilonga A. Meticulous overview on the controlled release fertilizers. Adv Chem 2014; 2014: (Article ID 363071) 1–16.10.1155/2014/363071Search in Google Scholar
Shah Z, Krumholz L, Aktas DF, Hasan F, Khattak M, Shah AA. Degradation of polyester polyurethane by a newly isolated soil bacterium, Bacillus subtilis strain MZA-75. Biodegradation 2013; 24: 865–877.10.1007/s10532-013-9634-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shah AA, Kato S, Shintani N, Kamini NR, Nakajima-Kambe T. Microbial degradation of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98: 3437–3447.10.1007/s00253-014-5558-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shaviv A. Controlled release fertilizers. IFA International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers, Frankfurt. International Fertilizer Industry Association Paris, France, 28–30, 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Shi B, Bunyard C, Palfery D. Plant polymer biodegradation in relation to global carbon management. Carbohyd Polym 2010; 82: 401–404.10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.066Search in Google Scholar
Shogren RL, Doane WM, Garlotta D, Lawton JW, Willett JL. Biodegradation of starch/polylactic acid/poly(hydroxyester-ether) composite bars in soil. Polym Degrad Stab 2003; 79: 405–411.10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00356-7Search in Google Scholar
Singh B, Sharma N. Optimized synthesis and characterization of polystyrene graft copolymers and preliminary assessment of their biodegradability and application in water pollution alleviation technologies. Polym Degrad Stab 2007; 92: 876–885.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.019Search in Google Scholar
Sivan A. New perspectives in plastic biodegradation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22: 422–426.10.1016/j.copbio.2011.01.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sivan A, Szanto M, Pavlov V. Biofilm development of the polyethylene-degrading bacterium Rhodococcus ruber. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72: 346–352.10.1007/s00253-005-0259-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Snyder C, Bruulsema T, Jensen T, Fixen P, Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects. Agric Ecosyst Environ 2009; 133: 247–266.10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.021Search in Google Scholar
Spohn M, Carminati A, Kuzyakov Y. Soil zymography–A novel in situ method for mapping distribution of enzyme activity in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 2013; 58: 275–280.10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.12.004Search in Google Scholar
Stahl JD, Cameron MD, Haselbach J, Aust SD. Biodegradation of superabsorbent polymers in soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2000; 7: 83–88.10.1065/espr199912.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Stevens ES. Green plastics: an introduction to the new science of biodegradable plastics. USA: Princeton University Press, 2002.10.1515/9780691214177Search in Google Scholar
Sutton-Grier AE, Keller JK, Koch R, Gilmour C, Megonigal JP. Electron donors and acceptors influence anaerobic soil organic matter mineralization in tidal marshes. Soil Biol Biochem 2011; 43: 1576–1583.10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.008Search in Google Scholar
Teegarden DM. Polymer chemistry: introduction to an indispensable science, Virginia: NSTA Press, 2004.Search in Google Scholar
Tomaszewska M. Jarosiewicz A. Use of polysulfone in controlled-release NPK fertilizer formulations. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50: 4634–4639.10.1021/jf0116808Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tomaszewska M, Jarosiewicz A. Polysulfone coating with starch addition in CRF formulation. Desalination 2004; 163: 247–252.10.1016/S0011-9164(04)90196-8Search in Google Scholar
Tomaszewska M, Jarosiewicz A, Karakulski K. Physical and chemical characteristics of polymer coatings in CRF formulation. Desalination 2002; 146: 319–323.10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00501-5Search in Google Scholar
Thouand G, Durand MJ, Maul A, Gancet C, Blok H. New concepts in the evaluation of biodegradation/persistence of chemical substances using a microbial inoculum. Front Microbiol 2011; 2: 1–6.10.3389/fmicb.2011.00164Search in Google Scholar
Trenkel ME. Slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers: an option for enhancing nutrient use efficiency in agriculture. Paris: International Fertilizer Industry Association, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
Tyliszczak B, Polaczek J, Pielichowski,J, Pielichowski K. Preparation and properties of biodegradable slow-release PAA superabsorbent matrixes for phosphorus fertilizers. Macromolecular symposia, Wiley Online Library 2009: 236–242.10.1002/masy.200950534Search in Google Scholar
Wang WJ, Dalal RC, Moody PW, Smith CJ. Relationships of soil respiration to microbial biomass, substrate availability and clay content. Soil Biol Biochem 2003; 35: 273.10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00274-2Search in Google Scholar
Wang Y, Liu M, Ni B, Xie L. κ-Carrageenan-sodium alginate beads and superabsorbent coated nitrogen fertilizer with slow-release, water-retention, and anticompaction properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012; 51: 1413–1422.10.1021/ie2020526Search in Google Scholar
Wang X, Lü S, Gao C, Xu X, Wei Y, Bai X, Feng C, Gao N, Liu M, Wu L. Biomass-based multifunctional fertilizer system featuring controlled-release nutrient, water-retention and amelioration of soil. RSC Adv 2014; 4: 18382–18390.10.1039/c4ra00207eSearch in Google Scholar
Wool RP, Cole MA. Microbial degradation. ASM engineering materials handbook Vol. 2: Engineering plastics. New York: Plenum Publishing, 1988: 783–787.Search in Google Scholar
Wu K-J, Wu C-S, Chang J-S. Biodegradability and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone composites encapsulating phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Bacillus sp. PG01. Proc Biochem 2007; 42: 669–675.Search in Google Scholar
Wu C-S. Promoting fertilizer use via controlled release of a bacteria-encapsulated film bag. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58: 6300–6305.10.1021/jf1009395Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wu L, Liu M. Preparation and properties of chitosan-coated NPK compound fertilizer with controlled-release and water-retention. Carbohyd Polym 2008; 72: 240–247.10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.08.020Search in Google Scholar
Wu S. FTIR spectra study on the film of polyurethane coated urea controlled-release fertilizer. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 2011; 31: 630–634.Search in Google Scholar
Xie L, Liu M, Ni B, Zhang X, Wang Y. Slow-release nitrogen and boron fertilizer from a functional superabsorbent formulation based on wheat straw and attapulgite. Chem Eng J 2011; 167: 342–348.10.1016/j.cej.2010.12.082Search in Google Scholar
Xu R, Obbard JP. Effect of nutrient amendments on indigenous hydrocarbon biodegradation in oil-contaminated beach sediments. J Environ Qual 2003; 32: 1234–1243.10.2134/jeq2003.1234Search in Google Scholar
Yamamoto H, Amaike M, Saitoh H, Sano Y. Gel formation of lignin and biodegradation of the lignin gels by microorganisms. Mater Sci Eng C 2000; 7: 143–147.10.1016/S0928-4931(99)00134-4Search in Google Scholar
Yang Y-C, Zhang M, Li Y, Fan X-H, Geng Y-Q. Improving the quality of polymer-coated urea with recycled plastic, proper additives, and large tablets. J Agr Food Chem 2012; 60: 11229–11237.10.1021/jf302813gSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Yeh A-I, Huang Y-C, Chen SH. Effect of particle size on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 2010; 79: 192.10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.049Search in Google Scholar
Zhang W, Zhang X. A forecast analysis on fertilizers consumption worldwide. Environ Monitor Assess 2007; 133: 427–434.10.1007/s10661-006-9597-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhao C, Shen YZ, Du CW, Zhou JM, Wang HY, Chen XY. Evaluation of waterborne coating for controlled-release fertilizer using Wurster fluidized bed. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010; 49: 9644–9647.10.1021/ie101239mSearch in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter