Abstract
Polymer nanocomposite flame retardancy has become a critical parameter in industrial material application. Recent environmental policies have prohibited the incorporation of halogenated flame-retardant compounds into polymers owing to the high level of environmental degradation caused by high levels of toxic gas and smoke emission. The demand for zero-halogen flame-retardant compounds by both researchers and manufacturers is due to the inherent advantages accruable from their incorporation like very minimal toxic emission, minimal smoke release, zero corrosive gas release, reduced corrosion activities and absence of dripping in fire condition. This has necessitated the quest for eco-compliant replacements for halogenated flame suppressants. Recent insight has shown the eco-compliancy of exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets as flame retardants when incorporated into polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). Relative to the propensity to retard flame, increasing quantities of exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets have exhibited the capability to significantly repress critical flammability parameters like heat release rate (HRR), peak HRR (PHRR), rate of carbon monoxide production, smoke production rate and total mass loss rate while simultaneously increasing limiting oxygen index, time of ignition and total PHRR, thereby retarding flammability and creating better chance to reduce loss and casualty in real-life fire situation through the formation of even layers of carbonaceous char in the condensed phase capable of efficiently suppressing the thermal decomposition caused by oxygen and heat to the polymer matrix and cutting off the flaming path. This paper gives an insight into recent developments in flame retardancy of PNCs, with special emphasis on the flame-retardancy propensity of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets.
About the authors
Christopher Igwe Idumah is currently a doctoral researcher in the Enhanced Polymer Engineering Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Department of Polymer Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, with interests in development and flammability of polymer nanocomposites. He is also a lecturer at Ebonyi State University Nigeria (2008 to date). Christopher obtained his B.Eng degree in Polymer and Textile Engineering from the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, in 1997 and his MSc in Technical Textile Technology from Manchester University, UK, in 2012. He also had a brief stint with Shell Petroleum Development Corporation (SPDC), Nigeria, as a trainee engineer, where he was trained by Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK (2001).
Azman Hassan is a Professor in the Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), and is the head of the Enhanced Polymer Research Group. He was the director of Research Publication Center, UTM, from 2012 to 2014; the deputy director of Research Management Center, UTM, from 2008 to 2012; and the head of Polymer Engineering from 2002 to 2008. He received his PhD from Loughborough University, UK, in 1997. He has approximately 30 years’ experience in teaching and research. His area of research interests includes flame-retardant polymers, cellulose nanowhiskers, PVC technology, graphene, polymer blends, natural fiber composites, nanocomposites and toughened polymers. He has published more than 170 journal papers and supervised more than 15 PhD students and 25 Masters’ students. He is the editor-in-chief of the Malaysian Polymer Journal and Perintis eJournal. He has been appointed as reviewer for more than 15 journals.
Augustine Chioma Affam is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Barhu, Malaysia. He obtained his B. Eng degree in Soil and Water Engineering from the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, in 2006 and his Master’s degree in Environmental Engineering from Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2010. He later proceeded for his PhD in Civil Engineering with a specialization in Environmental Engineering at the Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia, from where he graduated in 2014. Augustine initially had a stint with the oil and gas industry for nearly 4 years as a quality control and assurance expert. His research interest is in the areas of environmental engineering, waste and wastewater treatment, low-cost water treatment for supply to communities, and biological and biotechnological treatment of wastewater for reuse.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the management and authorities of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for providing the facilities for this research.
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